University Physics V · topic UPV-19.09
Auditing a proposed reaction, and what the audit cannot settle
Connect the ideas, make your working visible, and test the result. Use the hints when you need a starting point; open the full solution after your attempt.
Further practice
Work through a fresh case before tackling the extension.
Auditing a proposed reaction: predict a finite change
A reaction audit assigns every particle the eigenvalues of each generator that commutes with H, sums those integers on both sides of a proposed process, and requires the two sums to agree for whichever interaction is proposed to mediate it. Use the supplied topic model Y_out = sqrt(max(max(((1672.45*om+493.677*kp+497.611*kz)^2-1124071)/1876.544,493.677)^2-243717,0))/1000, where Y_out is THRESHOLD p_K (GeV/c). The output symbol Y_out is distinct from all input symbols. ^ denotes a power; π = 3.141592653589793; sqrt(x) means √x; max(a,b) selects the larger value. om is Ω⁻ count in final state, dimensionless. Keep kp (K⁺ count in final state) = 1; kz (K⁰ count in final state) = 0 fixed. For this exercise use only 0 ≤ om ≤ 2, at the specified test settings separated by 1. A grid of test settings is an input restriction for this exercise, not by itself a claim of physical quantisation. This calculation retains the topic model's stated assumptions; it does not extend them to a different physical setup. Calculate Y_out at om = 0 and 1. Find the signed output change ΔY_out and the average sensitivity ΔY_out/Δom across this interval. State whether the response increases or decreases; explain why a finite difference between these settings does not require interpolation between them.
THRESHOLD p_K against om
Predictions from the supplied Auditing a proposed reaction model, with all other inputs fixed as stated in the question. 3 calibration points support a trend comparison; they are not measured data or a straight-line law.
Vertical axis (y): THRESHOLD p_K / GeV/c
Horizontal axis (x): om: Ω⁻ count in final state
Axes show the supplied calibration interval; the origin may lie outside the plot.
Read the exact data as a table
| om: Ω⁻ count in final state | THRESHOLD p_K / GeV/c |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1.8361789454077297 |
| 2 | 7.236194736544936 |
These are the supplied values, not a worked answer. No fitted trend is drawn.
Show a hint
Substitute each value of om separately while keeping every other input fixed, then subtract in the same order.
Reveal the worked solution
- At om = 0, substitute into Y_out = sqrt(max(max(((1672.45*om+493.677*kp+497.611*kz)^2-1124071)/1876.544,493.677)^2-243717,0))/1000: Y₀ = 0 GeV/c.
- At om = 1, the same fixed-parameter model gives Y₁ = 1.83618 GeV/c.
- Signed change: ΔY_out = Y₁ − Y₀ = 1.83618 GeV/c; the input change is Δom = 1.
- Average sensitivity is ΔY_out/Δom = 1.83618 GeV/c per unit input. Its positive sign means that this response increases over the specified interval.
- This finite difference compares two specified test settings without interpolating between them. A point derivative is not required. Any quantum numbers or particle counts must also obey their physical admissibility conditions.
Answer Y₀ = 0 GeV/c, Y₁ = 1.83618 GeV/c; ΔY_out = 1.83618 GeV/c; average sensitivity = 1.83618 GeV/c per unit input.
Compare the assumptions, method and units with your attempt. Explain any correction before trying another question.
Extra challenging questions
Work through the linked stages and explain what each result means.
Auditing a proposed reaction: infer an input with uncertainty
A reaction audit assigns every particle the eigenvalues of each generator that commutes with H, sums those integers on both sides of a proposed process, and requires the two sums to agree for whichever interaction is proposed to mediate it. Use the supplied topic model Y_out = sqrt(max(max(((1672.45*om+493.677*kp+497.611*kz)^2-1124071)/1876.544,493.677)^2-243717,0))/1000, where Y_out is THRESHOLD p_K (GeV/c). The output symbol Y_out is distinct from all input symbols. ^ denotes a power; π = 3.141592653589793; sqrt(x) means √x; max(a,b) selects the larger value. om is Ω⁻ count in final state, dimensionless. Keep kp (K⁺ count in final state) = 1; kz (K⁰ count in final state) = 0 fixed. For this exercise use only 0 ≤ om ≤ 2, at the specified test settings separated by 1. A grid of test settings is an input restriction for this exercise, not by itself a claim of physical quantisation. This calculation retains the topic model's stated assumptions; it does not extend them to a different physical setup. A reading gives Y_out = 1.8361789 GeV/c, with a bounded reading uncertainty ±0.5789 GeV/c. Treat the model and all fixed inputs as exact for this exercise; the bound is not a standard deviation. Determine every allowed value of om consistent with that bound. Compare with a straight-line interpolation between the two endpoint predictions, and explain why a fractional setting may be inadmissible. Do not assume that the supplied calibration points prove monotonicity outside this branch.
THRESHOLD p_K against om
Predictions from the supplied Auditing a proposed reaction model, with all other inputs fixed as stated in the question. 3 calibration points support a trend comparison; they are not measured data or a straight-line law.
Vertical axis (y): THRESHOLD p_K / GeV/c
Horizontal axis (x): om: Ω⁻ count in final state
Axes show the supplied calibration interval; the origin may lie outside the plot.
Read the exact data as a table
| om: Ω⁻ count in final state | THRESHOLD p_K / GeV/c |
|---|---|
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 1.8361789454077297 |
| 2 | 7.236194736544936 |
These are the supplied values, not a worked answer. No fitted trend is drawn.
Show a hint
Enumerate the permitted settings in the stated range, evaluate Y_out at each, and retain every setting satisfying |Y_out − Y_measured| ≤ u. The plotted predictions are supplied calibration evidence.
Reveal the worked solution
- Endpoint predictions are Y_out(0) = 0 GeV/c and Y_out(2) = 7.23619 GeV/c. The target lies between them. On the selected branch the response is strictly increasing.
- Endpoint interpolation gives om_line = 0 + (1.83618 − 0)(2 − 0)/(7.23619 − 0) = 0.507498. This estimates the inverse of the endpoint chord, rather than assuming that chord is the physical model.
- Evaluate the model at each permitted setting. The central reading corresponds to om = 1; only the allowed settings 1 lie inside the stated reading bound.
- The interpolation error in the input is |om_line − om| = 0.492502.
- The compatible allowed values span 1 to 1. Values between specified test settings are outside this exercise's input domain even if an interpolation passes through them.
- The quoted output bound restricts which specified settings remain compatible. It does not change physical restrictions on quantum numbers or counts, and the chosen grid alone does not establish physical quantisation.
Answer Compatible om: 1. Endpoint interpolation predicts 0.507498; check admissibility against the discrete settings.
Compare the assumptions, method and units with your attempt. Explain any correction before trying another question.