University Quantum Mechanics I · topic UQMI-03.08
Expectation values, variance, and standard deviation
Connect the ideas, make your working visible, and test the result. Use the hints when you need a starting point; open the full solution after your attempt.
Further practice
Work through a fresh case before tackling the extension.
Expectation values, variance, and standard deviation: predict a finite change
The expectation value ⟨A⟩ = ∫ψ*(Âψ) dx is the mean of an observable over many systems prepared in the same normalised ψ, and the standard deviation σ_A = √(⟨A²⟩ − ⟨A⟩²) is the spread of that ensemble about its mean. Use the supplied topic model Y_out = 1.5*abs(sind(2*th)), where Y_out is ENERGY SPREAD σ_H (E₁). The output symbol Y_out is distinct from all input symbols. ^ denotes a power; π = 3.141592653589793; abs(x) means |x|; sind/cosd/tand use degrees. th is Mixing angle θ, measured in °. Keep ph (Relative phase φ) = 0 ° fixed. For this exercise use only 9.5625 ° ≤ th ≤ 42.6375 ° on this continuous branch. A grid of test settings is an input restriction for this exercise, not by itself a claim of physical quantisation. This calculation retains the topic model's stated assumptions; it does not extend them to a different physical setup. Calculate Y_out at th = 16.839 ° and 21.4695 °. Find the signed output change ΔY_out and the average sensitivity ΔY_out/Δth across this interval. State whether the response increases or decreases; distinguish this interval average from a derivative at one point.
ENERGY SPREAD σ_H against th
Predictions from the supplied Expectation values, variance, and standard deviation model, with all other inputs fixed as stated in the question. 5 calibration points support a trend comparison; they are not measured data or a straight-line law.
Vertical axis (y): ENERGY SPREAD σ_H / E₁
Horizontal axis (x): th: Mixing angle θ / °
Axes show the supplied calibration interval; the origin may lie outside the plot.
Read the exact data as a table
| th: Mixing angle θ / ° | ENERGY SPREAD σ_H / E₁ |
|---|---|
| 9.5625 | 0.49144526934254024 |
| 17.83125 | 0.8745143684750264 |
| 26.1 | 1.1852325185635357 |
| 34.368750000000006 | 1.397893163084252 |
| 42.6375 | 1.4949023092909977 |
These are the supplied values, not a worked answer. No fitted trend is drawn.
Show a hint
Substitute each value of th separately while keeping every other input fixed, then subtract in the same order.
Reveal the worked solution
- At th = 16.839 °, substitute into Y_out = 1.5*abs(sind(2*th)): Y₀ = 0.831787 E₁.
- At th = 21.4695 °, the same fixed-parameter model gives Y₁ = 1.02183 E₁.
- Signed change: ΔY_out = Y₁ − Y₀ = 0.190042 E₁; the input change is Δth = 4.6305 °.
- Average sensitivity is ΔY_out/Δth = 0.0410413 E₁ per °. Its positive sign means that this response increases over the specified interval.
- This is a secant slope between two settings. It equals a point derivative only for a locally linear relation or in a justified small-interval limit.
Answer Y₀ = 0.831787 E₁, Y₁ = 1.02183 E₁; ΔY_out = 0.190042 E₁; average sensitivity = 0.0410413 E₁ per °.
Compare the assumptions, method and units with your attempt. Explain any correction before trying another question.
Extra challenging questions
Work through the linked stages and explain what each result means.
Expectation values, variance, and standard deviation: infer an input with uncertainty
The expectation value ⟨A⟩ = ∫ψ*(Âψ) dx is the mean of an observable over many systems prepared in the same normalised ψ, and the standard deviation σ_A = √(⟨A²⟩ − ⟨A⟩²) is the spread of that ensemble about its mean. Use the supplied topic model Y_out = 1.5*abs(sind(2*th)), where Y_out is ENERGY SPREAD σ_H (E₁). The output symbol Y_out is distinct from all input symbols. ^ denotes a power; π = 3.141592653589793; abs(x) means |x|; sind/cosd/tand use degrees. th is Mixing angle θ, measured in °. Keep ph (Relative phase φ) = 0 ° fixed. For this exercise use only 9.5625 ° ≤ th ≤ 42.6375 ° on this continuous branch. A grid of test settings is an input restriction for this exercise, not by itself a claim of physical quantisation. This calculation retains the topic model's stated assumptions; it does not extend them to a different physical setup. A reading gives Y_out = 1.2921314 E₁, with a bounded reading uncertainty ±0.030416 E₁. Treat the model and all fixed inputs as exact for this exercise; the bound is not a standard deviation. First estimate the unknown th by straight-line interpolation between the two endpoint predictions. Then solve the actual model on the stated branch to an absolute input tolerance of 0.0033075 °, using a numerical bracket if required. Find the full input interval consistent with the bounded reading uncertainty and compare it with a symmetric input-error assumption. Do not assume that the supplied calibration points prove monotonicity outside this branch.
ENERGY SPREAD σ_H against th
Predictions from the supplied Expectation values, variance, and standard deviation model, with all other inputs fixed as stated in the question. 5 calibration points support a trend comparison; they are not measured data or a straight-line law.
Vertical axis (y): ENERGY SPREAD σ_H / E₁
Horizontal axis (x): th: Mixing angle θ / °
Axes show the supplied calibration interval; the origin may lie outside the plot.
Read the exact data as a table
| th: Mixing angle θ / ° | ENERGY SPREAD σ_H / E₁ |
|---|---|
| 9.5625 | 0.49144526934254024 |
| 17.83125 | 0.8745143684750264 |
| 26.1 | 1.1852325185635357 |
| 34.368750000000006 | 1.397893163084252 |
| 42.6375 | 1.4949023092909977 |
These are the supplied values, not a worked answer. No fitted trend is drawn.
Show a hint
The model's endpoint predictions bracket the reading. Solve Y_out(th) = Y_measured and then solve again at Y_measured − u and Y_measured + u; a nonlinear inverse can give unequal input deviations.
Reveal the worked solution
- Endpoint predictions are Y_out(9.5625) = 0.491445 E₁ and Y_out(42.6375) = 1.4949 E₁. The target lies between them. On the selected branch the response is strictly increasing.
- Endpoint interpolation gives th_line = 9.5625 + (1.29213 − 0.491445)(42.6375 − 9.5625)/(1.4949 − 0.491445) = 35.954 °. This estimates the inverse of the endpoint chord, rather than assuming that chord is the physical model.
- Use the actual equation, not the chord, and bracket its root. Evaluating the midpoint and retaining the sign-changing half-interval gives th = 29.7383 °; substituting back gives Y_out = 1.2921314 E₁.
- The interpolation error in the input is |th_line − th| = 6.21571 °. This is larger than the requested numerical tolerance.
- Invert both limits Y_out = 1.2617154 E₁ and 1.3225474 E₁. Sort the roots even if the response decreases: 28.6305 ° ≤ th ≤ 30.924 °.
- The lower and upper input deviations are 1.10771 ° and 1.1857 °. They differ because the inverse response is nonlinear; a symmetric error bar would only be a local approximation. This interval includes reading uncertainty only, not model error or uncertainty in fixed inputs.
Answer th ≈ 29.7383 °; compatible interval [28.6305, 30.924] °. Endpoint interpolation gives 35.954 °.
Compare the assumptions, method and units with your attempt. Explain any correction before trying another question.