Objective coverage

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.1.2 Physical estimation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Order-of-magnitude judgement using familiar physical benchmarks.

Study this section → The section teaches benchmark-based estimation, explicit modelling, sensible rounding and plausibility checks; the bag-lifting example works through estimated energy and power.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.2.1 Base-unit fluency Explanation mapped

Required depth: Associate the five relevant base quantities with their SI symbols.

Study this section → The base-unit tabs and current entry list the required quantity/unit pairs.

Practise this objective · 3 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.2.2 Composite unit construction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Algebraic unit products and quotients, including negative powers.

Study this section → A reusable defining-equation method, a broad AS base-unit table and a worked coefficient-unit example teach products, quotients and powers of units.

Study this section → The newton is expanded into base units; the lesson gives only a small set of derived-unit examples.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.2.3 Dimensional equation checks Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare every additive term and both sides of an equation.

Study this section → The explanation checks every additive term and both sides, distinguishes necessary dimensional agreement from proof, and works a deliberately non-homogeneous alternative.

Study this section → Provides the force-unit starting point, but not a general equation-checking procedure.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.2.4 Prefix fluency Explanation mapped

Required depth: Powers of ten in both basic and compound units.

Study this section → All ten required prefixes are in the visible table; squared lengths, mass prefixes and compound conversion are explained and applied in the worked example.

Study this section → Inspected the seven-position prefix array and conversion examples.

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AS · 1.3.1 Measurement bias and scatter Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain error effects and why repetition cannot remove a fixed bias.

Study this section → The random/systematic cards include repetition, a mis-zeroed balance and removal of a bias source.

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AS · 1.3.2 Accuracy and precision Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish closeness to a reference from agreement of repeated readings.

Study this section → Separate cards distinguish clustered results from results close to the accepted value.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.3.3 Uncertainty propagation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Percentages, absolute intervals and powers; first-order conservative rules.

Study this section → The absolute-sum, percentage-sum and power rules are followed by a checked resistivity example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.4.1 Scalar/vector distinction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Magnitude, direction and familiar physical examples.

Study this section → The comparison section classifies quantities by whether direction is needed.

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AS · 1.4.2 Planar vector arithmetic Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed components, scale drawings and trigonometry.

Study this section → The component/tip-to-tail model includes a separate reverse-and-add subtraction explanation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 1.4.3 Vector resolution Explanation mapped

Required depth: Resolve against named perpendicular axes using sine and cosine.

Study this section → Inspected the two component formulae and angle-controlled vector diagram.

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AS · 2.1.1 Motion vocabulary Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed changes, elapsed time and rates in one dimension.

Study this section → Reference-point and displacement/distance treatment inspected.

Study this section → Speed and signed velocity are treated as distinct rates.

Study this section → The average-acceleration model uses signed velocity changes.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 2.1.2 Motion graph representations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose axes and translate motion into position, velocity and acceleration representations.

Study this section → MotionGraphs implements the complete, mutually consistent displacement, distance, velocity, speed and acceleration plots for one reversing motion; the written equations and value table explain each representation.

Study this section → Interactive position-time examples interpret slope and direction.

Study this section → The velocity-time graph shows slope and signed area.

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AS · 2.1.3 Velocity graph area Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed areas of simple shapes; displacement versus distance.

Study this section → The graph readout calculates the signed trapezium area and gives its displacement meaning.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 2.1.4 Position graph gradient Explanation mapped

Required depth: Numerical gradients and the distinction between interval and instantaneous rate.

Study this section → The plotted tangent and separate chord accompany numerical rise/run calculations and an explicit instantaneous-versus-average distinction; the explanation also connects a distance-time gradient with speed.

Study this section → Position-time slopes and their signs are explained using one-second piecewise-linear samples.

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AS · 2.1.5 Velocity graph gradient Explanation mapped

Required depth: Read acceleration from a numerical velocity change over time.

Study this section → The slope readout uses (v-u)/t and explains horizontal and straight-line cases.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 2.1.6 Kinematics derivations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Start with the rate definitions and show the algebraic intermediate steps.

Study this section → The full algebra begins with acceleration and average velocity, derives the constant-acceleration relationships step by step and applies the signed result to stopping distance.

Study this section → The equation selector lists four formulae and when to use them; it does not derive them.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 2.1.7 Constant-acceleration calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Algebra, sign conventions and a uniform gravitational field model.

Study this section → Equation choice and signed substitution steps are shown.

Study this section → The vertical-motion section treats a constant downward gravitational acceleration.

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AS · 2.1.8 Free-fall measurement method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Describe apparatus, measurements and processing for a falling-body determination of g.

Study this section → The written falling-ball method specifies release/contact timing, actual fall-distance endpoints, repeats, graph processing, systematic checks and uncertainty. FreeFall implements the apparatus and height measurement; the example obtains g and uncertainty from a gradient.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 2.1.9 Independent projectile components Explanation mapped

Required depth: Trigonometry and two motion equations sharing the same elapsed time.

Study this section → The horizontal/vertical components model separates constant horizontal velocity from vertical acceleration.

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AS · 3.1.1 Inertial mass Explanation mapped

Required depth: Qualitative response to a fixed resultant force.

Study this section → The trolley example and inverse mass-acceleration comparison illustrate inertia.

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AS · 3.1.2 Resultant force and acceleration Explanation mapped

Required depth: Free-body reasoning, signed vectors and algebra with fixed mass.

Study this section → Second-law statement includes proportionalities and the common direction of acceleration and resultant.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.1.3 Momentum calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Mass, signed velocity and vector units.

Study this section → The p=mv model and numerical examples distinguish direction from speed.

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AS · 3.1.4 Force from momentum change Explanation mapped

Required depth: Average rate over a collision; distinguish the instantaneous statement.

Study this section → The extension explicitly separates external dp/dt, average delta-p/delta-t and the constant-mass reduction.

Study this section → A rebound example calculates average force from impulse and contact duration.

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AS · 3.1.5 Newtonian reasoning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify the object/system and apply each law with correct force pairing.

Study this section → All three law statements include examples; third-law partners act on different objects.

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AS · 3.1.6 Weight in a field Explanation mapped

Required depth: Relate mass, local field strength and free-fall acceleration.

Study this section → The weight lab gives mg and explicitly links the field value to acceleration when weight is the only force.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.2.1 Resistive-force behaviour Explanation mapped

Required depth: Qualitative friction and speed-dependent fluid resistance; no coefficient prerequisite.

Study this section → The section distinguishes sliding friction from fluid drag, defines relative-motion direction and explains the qualitative increase of drag with speed without requiring a particular drag law.

Study this section → The force-library notes distinguish static/sliding friction and list the factors affecting fluid resistance.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.2.2 Falling with air resistance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow changing resultant and acceleration throughout a fall.

Study this section → A coherent release-to-terminal-to-parachute sequence is supported by four force diagrams, a continuous downward-positive velocity curve and a worked upward-acceleration calculation.

Study this section → The direction and speed dependence of fluid resistance provide supporting concepts.

Practise this objective · 3 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.2.3 Terminal motion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Zero resultant can coexist with nonzero speed.

Study this section → The explanation and Terminal diagrams connect balanced forces with nonzero constant speed, show both terminal stages and distinguish upward acceleration from upward velocity.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.3.1 Isolated-system momentum Explanation mapped

Required depth: Define the system and check whether external impulse is negligible.

Study this section → The lesson states the external-impulse account before reducing to an isolated system.

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AS · 3.3.2 Collision component balances Explanation mapped

Required depth: One equation per perpendicular axis; elastic/inelastic distinction.

Study this section → One-dimensional sticking and elastic worked cases are present.

Study this section → The puck examples balance x and y separately, then reconstruct velocity.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 3.3.3 Elastic-collision conditions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare kinetic-energy totals and relative speeds without needing a restitution course.

Study this section → The elastic subsection conserves kinetic energy; the displayed restitution ratio with e=1 supplies the relative-speed equality.

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AS · 3.3.4 Collision energy accounting Explanation mapped

Required depth: Keep momentum conservation separate from the kinetic-energy account.

Study this section → Sticking examples quantify the converted kinetic energy.

Study this section → The explosion example shows conserved momentum with increased kinetic energy.

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AS · 4.1.1 Weight application point Explanation mapped

Required depth: Represent distributed weight by its resultant point.

Study this section → The whole-weight-at-one-point explanation and suspension method identify the centre of gravity.

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AS · 4.1.2 Moment calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Perpendicular distance, pivot choice and rotational sign.

Study this section → The moment meaning and lever-arm model use perpendicular distance.

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AS · 4.1.3 Pure couple Explanation mapped

Required depth: Separate a rotational effect from a resultant force.

Study this section → The couple scene specifies equal opposite parallel forces and zero resultant.

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AS · 4.1.4 Couple torque Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use one force and the separation between force lines.

Study this section → The scene gives tau=Fd and pivot independence.

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AS · 4.2.1 Moment balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Balance clockwise and anticlockwise contributions about a chosen pivot.

Study this section → The lever balance model and cable example show moment equations.

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AS · 4.2.2 Complete static balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Satisfy translational and rotational conditions together.

Study this section → The three-lock model explicitly treats horizontal, vertical and rotational balance.

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AS · 4.2.3 Force-triangle construction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Scale drawings or trigonometry for three coplanar balancing forces.

Study this section → ForceTriangle supplies an actual closed, scaled head-to-tail 3-4-5 vector triangle. The steps and second worked example explain the balancing vector, magnitude and direction, with the separate moment condition stated.

Study this section → General vector addition is available.

Study this section → Component and moment equilibrium are explained.

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AS · 4.3.1 Density calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Mass/volume units and correct material identification.

Study this section → Definition, conversions and worked density calculations are present.

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AS · 4.3.2 Pressure calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Normal force divided by contact area; square-unit conversion.

Study this section → The normal-force definition and area conversions are followed by numerical examples.

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AS · 4.3.3 Hydrostatic derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Combine a fluid-column force balance with density and pressure definitions.

Study this section → The labelled fluid-column force diagram supports the complete derivation from pressure, density and vertical equilibrium; a numerical example uses vertical depth and explicitly cancels area.

Study this section → The pressure-depth equation and density-dependent slope are given.

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AS · 4.3.4 Hydrostatic pressure difference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use vertical depth and distinguish gauge from absolute pressure.

Study this section → Several worked depth-pressure calculations distinguish reference pressure and pressure increase.

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AS · 4.3.5 Buoyancy from pressure Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain why the fluid pressure forces leave an upward resultant.

Study this section → The block diagram and written force balance identify larger lower-surface pressure, cancelling side forces and net upthrust; the worked pressure-difference calculation does not assume upthrust equals object weight.

Study this section → The explanation mentions the depth-independent pressure difference across a fixed-height object.

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AS · 4.3.6 Displaced-fluid upthrust Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use displaced volume and fluid density, then compare with weight.

Study this section → The displaced-fluid formula and immersed/floating examples are present.

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AS · 5.1.1 Work along displacement Explanation mapped

Required depth: Resolve force along the displacement and retain the work sign.

Study this section → The work concept and angled-force equation are rendered in the Work Done lesson.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 5.1.2 Total energy account Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose the system and include dissipated as well as mechanical stores.

Study this section → The lesson explicitly separates mechanical energy from the complete energy account.

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AS · 5.1.3 Efficiency meaning Explanation mapped

Required depth: A ratio of like energy or power quantities; fractions and percentages.

Study this section → The efficiency formula and useful/dissipated transfer discussion are present.

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AS · 5.1.4 Efficiency calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Rearrange the efficiency ratio to recover input or output.

Study this section → Motor and stair-climb examples calculate efficiencies and required input power.

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AS · 5.1.5 Power as a rate Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish a rate from an energy total.

Study this section → The definition and same-work/different-duration comparison explain average power.

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AS · 5.1.6 Average-power calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy/time conversion with consistent SI units.

Study this section → The motor example calculates 3000 J over 60 s as 50 W.

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AS · 5.1.7 Force-speed power link Explanation mapped

Required depth: Derive the aligned-force relationship using work and speed, then apply it.

Study this section → An AS-accessible work/time derivation gives P=Fv, with the aligned-force condition and driving-versus-net-power distinction; the vehicle example applies the derivation without calculus.

Study this section → The moving-force formula and hill-climbing example apply the relationship.

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AS · 5.2.1 Near-surface energy derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Build the result from steady lifting work in a uniform field.

Study this section → Steady lifting and F=mg produce the general gravitational-energy result; a slope argument reinforces vertical height, and the example distinguishes lifting work from gravity's negative work.

Study this section → The near-surface formula and physical lifting interpretation are supplied.

Study this section → A slope example compares applied work with gained gravitational energy.

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AS · 5.2.2 Height-energy calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Vertical height differences and a constant-field approximation.

Study this section → The crate and bag examples apply mg times the vertical height change.

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AS · 5.2.3 Kinetic-energy derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Combine force/work with the constant-acceleration motion relationship.

Study this section → The explanation combines net work, F=ma and v²−u²=2as to derive kinetic energy algebraically, then works a numerical difference of squares and rejects squaring the speed difference.

Study this section → Kinetic energy and work-energy equations are stated and used.

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AS · 5.2.4 Kinetic-energy calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Mass units, squared speed and energy differences.

Study this section → The ball, car and braking examples calculate kinetic energy and changes.

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AS · 6.1.1 Axial deformation Explanation mapped

Required depth: One-dimensional tensile and compressive loading.

Study this section → The teaching record and overview explicitly distinguish stretching from shortening.

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AS · 6.1.2 Loading vocabulary Explanation mapped

Required depth: Original versus final length and the end of linear proportionality.

Study this section → Extension, compression and proportional-limit explanations are present; the overview separates the two limits.

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AS · 6.1.3 Hookean response Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the proportional model only within its stated range.

Study this section → The formula, straight-line interpretation and spring examples are present.

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AS · 6.1.4 Spring stiffness Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate force/extension or read the linear graph gradient.

Study this section → The medium spring example explicitly computes k from the extension rather than the final length.

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AS · 6.1.5 Material stiffness measures Explanation mapped

Required depth: Area conversion, fractional strain and the linear elastic region.

Study this section → Definitions and a full worked stress, strain and modulus calculation are present.

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AS · 6.1.6 Wire modulus experiment Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain apparatus, geometry measurements, incremental loading and data processing.

Study this section → The wire-specific procedure includes reference/preload, gauge length, micrometer diameter sampling, incremental loading/unloading, graph relation and uncertainty. A data table and worked E calculation supply the processing; an apparatus illustration is useful but not necessary to the required written explanation.

Study this section → The lesson identifies the measurable quantities and their equation but supplies a numerical wire problem rather than an experimental method.

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AS · 6.2.1 Recovery and permanent strain Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish elastic limit from proportional limit using unloading behaviour.

Study this section → Definitions and unloading examples distinguish recoverable and permanent deformation.

Study this section → The stress-strain account identifies residual plastic strain.

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AS · 6.2.2 Loading work from area Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret a force-extension area and its units.

Study this section → The loading-work explanation distinguishes the area from a final-force rectangle.

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AS · 6.2.3 Linear elastic area Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate a triangle within the proportional region.

Study this section → The hard worked example finds the energy within a specified straight-line region.

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AS · 6.2.4 Elastic-energy formulae Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use force-extension or stiffness-extension data with the same model conditions.

Study this section → Both equivalent formulae are supplied and applied in worked examples.

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AS · 7.1.1 Mechanical wave production Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect source vibration, travelling disturbance and medium motion.

Study this section → Separate rope, spring and ripple-tank accounts connect the vibrating source, travelling disturbance and local material motion. Controls and observations are explicit, and the example separates local frequency from pattern speed.

Study this section → The rope and ripple-tank descriptions explain travelling disturbance and particle oscillation.

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AS · 7.1.2 Wave measurements Explanation mapped

Required depth: Read lengths and times from the appropriate graph; use phase fractions.

Study this section → The vocabulary, period/frequency relationship, phase formula and phase worked example were inspected.

Study this section → Amplitude, wavelength and frequency controls expose the measured quantities.

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AS · 7.1.3 Oscilloscope scales Explanation mapped

Required depth: Translate screen divisions using time-base and vertical gain settings.

Study this section → A calibrated eight-division oscilloscope graph, visible time-base/y-gain values and a worked reading distinguish period, frequency, peak amplitude and peak-to-peak voltage. The explanation includes zero reference and multiple-cycle measurements.

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AS · 7.1.4 Wave-speed reasoning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect a travelled wavelength per period to frequency.

Study this section → The idea and formula explanation build speed from one wavelength advancing per cycle and cycles per second.

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AS · 7.1.5 Wave-equation calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Rearrange speed, frequency and wavelength with unit conversions.

Study this section → Worked examples calculate speed and wavelength in several media.

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AS · 7.1.6 Wave energy transfer Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish propagation of energy from bulk transport of the medium.

Study this section → The main definition and cork/medium misconception explain the transfer distinction.

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AS · 7.1.7 Progressive-wave intensity Explanation mapped

Required depth: Power per area and square-amplitude scaling.

Study this section → Power per perpendicular area, its SI unit and square-amplitude scaling are explicitly taught and combined in the beam-intensity worked example with area-unit conversion.

Study this section → The intensity-amplitude square rule is given and explained.

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AS · 7.2.1 Wave-direction comparison Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare oscillation direction with propagation direction.

Study this section → Separate transverse and longitudinal explanations give direction and examples.

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AS · 7.2.2 Wave graph interpretation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret displacement and compression patterns without confusing spatial and time axes.

Study this section → Longitudinal implements displaced particles, a spatial displacement graph, pressure-excess graph and separate fixed-particle time graph. Captions and worked interpretation correctly distinguish compressions, displacement extrema, wavelength and period.

Study this section → The two-graph explanation distinguishes a spatial snapshot from a time trace.

Study this section → The rendered lab supplies a transverse displacement-distance example.

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AS · 7.3.1 Moving-source frequency shift Explanation mapped

Required depth: Stationary observer; wavefront spacing changes while medium speed stays fixed.

Study this section → The source-motion explanation distinguishes approaching from receding wavefront spacing.

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AS · 7.3.2 Moving-source calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose the denominator sign from source motion; keep the observer stationary.

Study this section → The formula and approaching-siren worked example match this AS model.

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AS · 7.4.1 Vacuum electromagnetic waves Explanation mapped

Required depth: Transverse fields and a common vacuum propagation speed.

Study this section → The definition, transverse-nature paragraph and vacuum-speed formula support the statement.

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AS · 7.4.2 Spectrum wavelength scales Explanation mapped

Required depth: Orders of magnitude and the approximate extent of each principal band.

Study this section → The visible consolidated table gives all seven bands, approximate ranges and recall scales, followed by worked classifications. The original wavelength slider now uses the same 0.1 m radio/microwave boundary; a further log-axis graphic is optional for this recall demand.

Study this section → The principal bands are ordered.

Study this section → The slider classifies wavelength across the spectrum using explicit band boundaries.

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AS · 7.4.3 Visible-light interval Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret nanometres and locate visible light within the spectrum.

Study this section → The light-wave formula note states the visible wavelength interval.

Study this section → The visible region is separately represented in the spectrum model.

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AS · 7.5.1 Polarisation evidence Explanation mapped

Required depth: Relate selection of vibration direction to transverse motion.

Study this section → The transverse-only explanation explicitly excludes longitudinal sound.

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AS · 7.5.2 Successive Malus calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the outgoing intensity of one filter as the input to the next.

Study this section → The two-analyser worked example uses plane-polarised incident light and successive relative angles.

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AS · 8.1.1 Displacement superposition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Add simultaneous signed displacements and distinguish reinforcement from cancellation.

Study this section → The definition, sum equation and equal-amplitude examples are present.

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AS · 8.1.2 Stationary-wave demonstrations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain apparatus and observations for string, air-column and microwave setups.

Study this section → All three required stationary-wave experiments have explicit apparatus, procedures, observations, controls and wavelength processing. The microwave example works multiple node intervals; extra apparatus illustrations are optional rather than missing experimental explanation.

Study this section → String reflection and resonating tubes are explained.

Study this section → The model has string, open-tube and closed-tube options.

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AS · 8.1.3 Stationary-wave formation graphs Explanation mapped

Required depth: Graphically combine counter-propagating waves and identify fixed zero/maximal-amplitude positions.

Study this section → StandingWaves implements both counter-propagating waves and their signed sum with a phase slider spanning the full cycle, including every quarter-period snapshot. The text/table and worked point addition explain fixed nodes versus momentary zero displacement.

Study this section → Incident/reflected-wave formation and node/antinode descriptions are present.

Study this section → The display draws the two extreme envelopes of a stationary pattern.

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AS · 8.1.4 Node-spacing wavelength Explanation mapped

Required depth: Translate adjacent node or antinode separation into wavelength.

Study this section → The node-spacing equation and measured-node example explicitly recover wavelength.

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AS · 8.2.1 Diffraction meaning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Spreading at a gap or edge without changing frequency in the same medium.

Study this section → The diffraction paragraph explicitly describes a gap and an obstacle edge.

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AS · 8.2.2 Diffraction demonstration Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare gap width with wavelength qualitatively in a ripple-tank model.

Study this section → The ripple-tank paragraph contrasts wide and narrow gaps and the emerging wavefront shapes.

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AS · 8.3.1 Coherence and interference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use phase and path difference to explain a stable interference pattern.

Study this section → Coherence, superposition and path-difference conditions are explained.

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AS · 8.3.2 Two-source experiments Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain setup and observations for water, sound, light and microwaves.

Study this section → Four distinct experimental accounts cover water, sound, light and microwaves, with coherence, scanning/observations, one-source comparisons, controls and uncertainty. The optical worked example demonstrates fringe processing; the named methods do not depend on a missing supplied diagram.

Study this section → Speaker interference examples provide a sound context.

Study this section → The split-source light arrangement is described.

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AS · 8.3.3 Observable interference fringes Explanation mapped

Required depth: Coherence and overlap; distinguish a stable pattern from perfect cancellation.

Study this section → Same frequency, fixed phase difference and equal-amplitude cancellation are distinguished.

Study this section → Splitting one source and covering one slit explain the necessary two-path arrangement.

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AS · 8.3.4 Double-slit wavelength Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use adjacent spacing, slit separation and screen distance with consistent units.

Study this section → The wavelength-from-data formula and many-fringe measurement examples are present.

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AS · 8.4.1 Grating orders Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert line density to spacing and use the normal-incidence grating relationship.

Study this section → Order, line-density conversion and inverse-sine calculations are explained.

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AS · 8.4.2 Grating wavelength method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Describe known spacing, order identification and angle measurement.

Study this section → The procedure and implemented Grating drawing establish normal incidence, the undeviated reference direction, screen geometry and symmetric orders. The worked example converts line density and uses the exact sine relation rather than a large-angle approximation.

Study this section → The measuring-wavelengths paragraph gives the essential known-order angle calculation.

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AS · 9.1.1 Charge transport Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish random microscopic motion from directed charge flow.

Study this section → The current definition and drift explanation identify net charge transport.

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AS · 9.1.2 Elementary charge packets Explanation mapped

Required depth: Whole elementary-charge multiples and electron charge magnitude.

Study this section → The elementary-charge formula and packet explanation are present.

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AS · 9.1.3 Charge-current-time calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Steady current and time-unit conversion.

Study this section → The phone-charger and battery examples explicitly calculate charge from current and time.

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AS · 9.1.4 Drift-current relation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Cross-section, carrier density, drift speed and carrier charge.

Study this section → The swept-volume derivation produces the general Anvq relation and distinguishes number density, cross-section, drift speed and charge magnitude; the positive-carrier example is not restricted to electron substitution.

Study this section → The challenging copper-wire example uses I=nAve and computes electron drift speed.

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AS · 9.2.1 Potential-difference meaning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy transfer per transported charge between two points.

Study this section → The definition and joule-per-coulomb explanation are explicit.

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AS · 9.2.2 Potential-difference calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Rearrange the energy/charge ratio and use Q=It where needed.

Study this section → Several worked examples calculate charge and energy at a specified potential difference.

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AS · 9.2.3 Electrical-power forms Explanation mapped

Required depth: Select the formula using voltage, current or resistance at the operating point.

Study this section → All three power forms and their connection are provided with numerical examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.1 Resistance definition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the static voltage/current ratio at a stated operating point.

Study this section → The definition distinguishes an operating-point resistance from constant-resistance behaviour.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.2 Resistance calculations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Algebra with current, potential difference and resistance.

Study this section → Worked resistor examples calculate resistance and predict current at another voltage.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.3 Component characteristic shapes Explanation mapped

Required depth: Label I/V axes; distinguish a constant-temperature metal, diode and heating lamp.

Study this section → The metallic straight-line characteristic is explained.

Study this section → Lamp symmetry/flattening and diode forward/reverse behaviour are explicitly described.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.4 Heating filament resistance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Link current, temperature and electron scattering.

Study this section → The lamp explanation links heating to higher resistance and the changing graph shape.

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AS · 9.3.5 Ohmic conditions Explanation mapped

Required depth: State proportionality with the physical conditions held fixed.

Study this section → The statement includes constant temperature and contrasts it with the definition of resistance.

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AS · 9.3.6 Wire resistivity Explanation mapped

Required depth: Uniform geometry, cross-sectional area and a stated temperature.

Study this section → The general wire formula, assumptions and diameter-based examples were inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.7 Light-sensitive resistance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Qualitative response to illumination.

Study this section → The LDR explanation explicitly links brighter light to lower resistance.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 9.3.8 NTC resistance response Explanation mapped

Required depth: Qualitative response to temperature; distinguish metals from semiconductors.

Study this section → The NTC statement and carrier explanation give the required direction of change.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.1.1 Circuit-symbol fluency Explanation mapped

Required depth: Recognise the prescribed symbol set.

Study this section → CircuitSymbolGallery renders all 27 prescribed component entries with names, drawing notes and a hide/reveal recognition mode. The teaching distinguishes easily confused symbols, terminals and junction conventions; complete-circuit application is separately retained under 10.1.2.

Study this section → The lesson includes sources, meters, controls and sensing/one-way components.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.1.2 Circuit-diagram literacy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Draw and interpret connections as well as individual component symbols.

Study this section → The complete 27-symbol gallery is paired with a connected supply-switch-ammeter-resistor circuit, a parallel voltmeter, and an LDR potential divider. The worked examples trace junctions, meter placement, safety limits and changes in output; independent drawing and interpretation are requested in the reviewed practice.

Study this section → Meter placement, lamp testing and wiring-fault examples were inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.1.3 Source energy per charge Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish source energy conversion from energy delivered to a load.

Study this section → The e.m.f. definition and complete internal/external energy account are explicit.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.1.4 Source versus load voltage Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare energy gain in a source with energy transfer in a component.

Study this section → The source-or-component paragraph explains the direction of energy transfer.

Study this section → The internal-resistance model distinguishes e.m.f. from terminal p.d.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.1.5 Internal voltage loss Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use source current, internal resistance and open/load conditions.

Study this section → The source model, open-circuit limit and voltage-current graph are explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.2.1 Junction charge balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Assign current directions and identify charge conservation.

Study this section → The junction law is explicitly justified by the charge account.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.2.2 Loop energy balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a consistent traversal direction and energy per coulomb.

Study this section → The loop law is explicitly justified by conservation of energy.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.2.3 Series-resistance derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Substitute the common current into the loop voltage sum.

Study this section → The complete symbolic series derivation starts with common current and Kirchhoff's voltage sum, substitutes Ohm's law and defines equivalent resistance; the example checks each voltage drop.

Study this section → The shared-current and summed-voltage premises and final resistance rule are present.

Study this section → A numerical two-resistor loop calculation is supplied.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.2.4 Series network reduction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify a single current path and combine its resistances.

Study this section → Series, mixed-network and three-resistor examples use the additive rule.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.2.5 Parallel-resistance derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Substitute the common voltage into the junction current sum.

Study this section → The complete symbolic parallel derivation uses common voltage and the junction current sum before cancelling voltage. The worked branch-current example and two-resistor shortcut have their conditions stated.

Study this section → Common voltage, summed currents and the reciprocal-resistance rule are present.

Study this section → A numerical branch-current example uses both conservation laws.

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AS · 10.2.6 Parallel network reduction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Recognise common endpoint voltages and use reciprocal sums.

Study this section → Parallel and mixed-network worked examples calculate effective resistance.

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AS · 10.2.7 Circuit conservation equations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose current directions, form independent equations and solve them.

Study this section → Junction, series, parallel and opposing-source worked examples were inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.3.1 Divider voltage allocation Explanation mapped

Required depth: An unloaded output is a share of a series resistance total.

Study this section → The common-current explanation, resistance ratio and loading limitation are present.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.3.2 Potentiometer comparison Explanation mapped

Required depth: Uniform wire, unchanged driver current and balance-length ratios.

Study this section → The wire-gradient and ratio methods are stated and used in cell-comparison examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.3.3 Null detector reasoning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish zero detector/test-cell current from the continuing driver current.

Study this section → The balance procedure and zero-current advantage are explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 10.3.4 Sensor-divider design Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify which component the output spans before predicting its trend.

Study this section → The LDR design example identifies where the output must be taken.

Study this section → The thermistor divider example calculates both cold and hot outputs.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.1 Scattering inference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Link mostly undeflected and rare large-angle events to the atomic model.

Study this section → Open the Foundation reminder: the current rendered text connects mostly undeflected and rare large-angle alpha scattering with empty atomic space and a compact massive positive nucleus.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.2 Nuclear-atom model Explanation mapped

Required depth: Locate the nuclear constituents and surrounding electrons.

Study this section → The Foundation reminder places protons and neutrons in the nucleus and negative electrons in the surrounding region, with the ordinary-hydrogen exception.

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AS · 11.1.3 A and Z bookkeeping Explanation mapped

Required depth: Count total nucleons separately from protons.

Study this section → The A=Z+N explanation explicitly names each count.

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AS · 11.1.4 Isotope comparison Explanation mapped

Required depth: Hold element identity fixed while changing neutron count.

Study this section → The isotope statement distinguishes fixed Z from changed N.

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AS · 11.1.5 Nuclide representation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Read the element symbol and positioned mass/proton numbers.

Study this section → The notation explanation specifies A above and Z below with worked nuclides.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.6 Nuclear conservation checks Explanation mapped

Required depth: Balance charge and nucleon count independently.

Study this section → The alpha and beta worked equations explicitly check both totals.

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AS · 11.1.7 Radiation particle properties Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare composition, mass and charge, including both beta signs.

Study this section → The comparison table explicitly covers composition, approximate rest mass and charge for alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus and gamma. The explanation distinguishes zero nucleon number from zero mass and works a mass/charge comparison.

Study this section → Composition and charge are described; alpha is called heavy and beta light.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.8 Particle/antiparticle pairing Explanation mapped

Required depth: Mass equality and charge reversal, with the electron/positron example.

Study this section → The current antiparticle subsection explicitly states equal rest masses and identifies the positron as the electron antiparticle.

Still needed: The local sm-antiquark-v1 check was inspected, but it is not a canonical exam-bank item and is not listed as mapped exam practice.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.9 Beta-decay neutral leptons Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish neutrino from antineutrino for the two beta signs.

Study this section → Both beta-minus and beta-plus particle lists are stated.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.10 Alpha/beta energy patterns Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain fixed alpha energies versus beta sharing with an unobserved neutral lepton.

Study this section → The alpha formula note gives definite energies and the beta note explains their spread through antineutrino energy sharing.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.11 Decay equation construction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Write balanced nuclide equations and include the emitted particles.

Study this section → The section teaches nuclide notation and separate nucleon/charge balancing, gives all three required decay types with the appropriate neutrinos and fully works a further beta-plus equation.

Study this section → Alpha and beta-minus worked nuclide equations are provided; beta-plus is described at the nucleon level.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.1.12 Unified mass unit Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert between u and kg while keeping mass separate from energy.

Study this section → The unified-mass-unit definition and kilogram conversion are explicit in the formula card.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.2.1 Quark-family inventory Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify the elementary family and recognise all six names.

Study this section → The rendered particle explorer lists all six quark names and separates the quark family.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.2.2 Quark charge families Explanation mapped

Required depth: Fractional elementary charges and the antiquark sign.

Study this section → The current subsection gives both three-flavour charge groups and reverses charge for antiquarks.

Still needed: The linked canonical practice checks up/down charges; the rendered local particle table covers all six flavours.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.2.3 Nucleon quark recipes Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use quark composition to recover nucleon charge.

Study this section → The current hadron lab and nucleon recipes show uud and udd with signed-charge sums.

Study this section → The worked neutron example explicitly totals the three constituent charges.

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AS · 11.2.4 Hadron composition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish three-quark and quark/antiquark combinations.

Study this section → The current subsection explicitly distinguishes baryons from mesons, with an interactive charge recipe.

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AS · 11.2.5 Beta quark conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Track the changing quark while the spectators retain their identities.

Study this section → Both beta signs are explicitly shown at nucleon and quark level with the correct emitted leptons and charge checks.

Still needed: The canonical practice checks beta-minus only. The local sm-beta-plus-v1 item was inspected but is not available through the canonical exam-bank route.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · 11.2.6 Lepton identity Explanation mapped

Required depth: Recognise electrons and neutrinos as members of the elementary lepton family.

Study this section → The current lepton subsection explicitly identifies electrons and neutrinos as elementary leptons.

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A2 · 12.1.1 Radian measure Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Arc-to-radius definition and circular-angle examples inspected.

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A2 · 12.1.2 Angular rate Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Angular speed equation, units and period link inspected.

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A2 · 12.1.3 Period-speed conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Period-to-angular-speed relation inspected.

Study this section → Tangential speed from radius and angular rate inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 12.2.1 Perpendicular force Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Constant-speed turning and inward acceleration explained.

Study this section → Net radial-force relation inspected.

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A2 · 12.2.2 Uniform turning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Acceleration rotates the velocity direction in the uniform-motion model.

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A2 · 12.2.3 Centripetal acceleration Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Both speed/radius and angular-speed acceleration forms inspected.

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A2 · 12.2.4 Radial force calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Radians, vector direction and algebra; AS dynamics assumed.

Study this section → Net force equation and circular-force worked examples inspected.

Study this section → Angular-speed acceleration form supplies the equivalent force form.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 13.1.1 Gravitational field definition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → The explanation defines a gravitational field as force acting on mass and g as force per small test mass, with vector direction and units. The worked example separates test-mass changes from field strength.

Study this section → Mass cancellation is shown in the free-fall example.

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A2 · 13.1.2 Gravitational field diagrams Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → GravityFields supplies distinct radial inward and local uniform downward field-line panels, while text explains arrow direction, spacing, strength and the local approximation. These are field maps, not merely mutual force vectors.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 13.2.1 Spherical-source approximation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Exterior spherical-body approximation and centre-to-centre distance stated.

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A2 · 13.2.2 Newtonian attraction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Inverse-square force law used explicitly in the worked explanation.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 13.2.3 Circular orbit balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → The circular-orbit derivation identifies gravity as the centripetal resultant, cancels satellite mass and develops speed/period/radius relationships. A complete radius-and-height calculation uses distance from Earth's centre.

Study this section → Free-fall orbit explanation exists, without a complete orbital force-balance derivation.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 13.2.4 Geostationary conditions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Circular equatorial geometry, west-to-east direction, matching angular speed and the Cambridge 24-hour approximation are explicit, with explanations of why period alone is insufficient and a worked orbit calculation.

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A2 · 13.3.1 Field-law derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Dividing the gravitational force by the test mass is shown explicitly.

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A2 · 13.3.2 Inverse-square field calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Earth/Moon distance-scaling example inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 13.3.3 Near-surface approximation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Nearly constant near-surface field is related to the weight model.

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A2 · 13.4.1 Gravitational potential reference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Infinity reference, work per unit mass and negative potential explained.

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A2 · 13.4.2 Point-mass potential Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Signed potential formula and units stated.

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A2 · 13.4.3 Gravitational energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Inverse-square fields and orbital algebra; AS force and energy assumed.

Study this section → Energy is obtained by multiplying potential by the test mass.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 14.1.1 Thermal transfer direction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Hot-to-cold energy transfer is distinguished from internal energy.

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A2 · 14.1.2 Equal-temperature equilibrium Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Equal temperatures and zero net thermal transfer explained.

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A2 · 14.2.1 Thermometric properties Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → The four specified thermometric properties are described with essential controls, calibration and equilibrium requirements. The resistance-thermometer interpolation example states its linearity assumption.

Study this section → Equilibration of a thermometer is discussed.

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A2 · 14.2.2 Thermodynamic scale basis Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → The section directly explains substance independence, separates temperature from material response and uses differing thermometer readings as a worked conceptual example. The original thermal explanation now correctly qualifies ideal-gas extrapolation and real-gas limitations.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 14.2.3 Kelvin-Celsius conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Exact 273.15 conversions, equal interval sizes, cancellation of the offset and absolute-temperature ratios are taught and worked. The original thermal formula and retained examples now distinguish exact conversion from rounded answers.

Study this section → Current formula and examples use a rounded 273 offset.

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A2 · 14.2.4 Absolute-zero boundary Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Zero-pressure extrapolation and the lower end of the kelvin scale discussed.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 14.3.1 Heat capacity calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Energy per kilogram per kelvin and warming examples inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 14.3.2 Latent-heat processes Explanation mapped

Required depth: Thermometry and energy calculations; distinguish scale definitions from approximations.

Study this section → Fusion/vaporisation labels and constant-temperature phase energy explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.1.1 Amount-of-substance unit Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Amount of substance, mole and mol appear in the SI base-unit list.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.1.2 Molar particle counting Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Mole-particle and mass-molar-mass conversions explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.2.1 Ideal-gas state model Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Ideal-gas relation and fixed-variable cases explained.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.2.2 Two gas-equation forms Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Molar equation and examples inspected.

Study this section → Molecular gas-equation form stated beside the particle model.

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A2 · 15.2.3 Gas-constant bridge Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Comparing pV=nRT with pV=NkT through N=nN_A explicitly gives R=N_Ak. The worked example calculates k with the correct molar and molecular units.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.3.1 Particle-model assumptions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Negligible size, random motion, elastic collisions and negligible interaction assumptions inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.3.2 Kinetic pressure derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → The full derivation follows elastic momentum reversal, round-trip time, molecule summation, wall area and isotropic component averaging to obtain the factor one third. Mean-square notation is explicit and the worked pressure calculation is consistent; the original source notation has been corrected.

Study this section → Pressure equation and qualitative collision explanation exist.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 15.3.3 RMS statistical meaning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Square-then-average-then-root is explicitly defined and contrasted with mean speed, square of mean speed and mean velocity. A three-speed calculation demonstrates the numerical difference; the related original energy expression now uses mean-square notation.

Study this section → RMS speed formulas and distribution distinction exist.

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A2 · 15.3.4 Molecular energy-temperature bridge Explanation mapped

Required depth: Molecular and molar models; algebra, mean-square reasoning and stated derivations.

Study this section → Equating the collision and molecular gas equations deduces mean translational energy step by step, followed by a per-molecule example. The original hydrogen example is now correctly labelled total translational kinetic energy rather than full internal energy.

Study this section → Mean translational energy relation is given and used.

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A2 · 16.1.1 Microscopic state energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy accounting and p-V diagrams; explicit work-sign convention.

Study this section → Random kinetic and intermolecular potential contributions stated.

Study this section → Internal energy is distinguished as a state variable.

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A2 · 16.1.2 Heating and internal energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy accounting and p-V diagrams; explicit work-sign convention.

Study this section → Molecular kinetic-energy increase is linked to the energy store.

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A2 · 16.2.1 Gas work and signs Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy accounting and p-V diagrams; explicit work-sign convention.

Study this section → Piston geometry yields constant-pressure work; by/on sign meaning is explained.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 16.2.2 Cambridge first-law convention Explanation mapped

Required depth: Energy accounting and p-V diagrams; explicit work-sign convention.

Study this section → Cambridge's work-on first law is defined with signed heat/work, explicitly reconciled with the shared work-by convention and applied both ways in one worked example; expansion/compression signs are also specified.

Study this section → Lesson consistently uses work done by the gas in its minus-sign convention.

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A2 · 17.1.1 Oscillator quantities Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Amplitude/displacement and period/frequency definitions inspected.

Study this section → Phase difference described in time and radians.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.1.2 Restoring-acceleration condition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Spring force and acceleration provide the opposite-direction proportionality.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.1.3 SHM time solution Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Sinusoidal displacement and acceleration solution shown.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.1.4 SHM velocity relations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Velocity-time expression inspected.

Study this section → Displacement-speed relation inspected.

Still needed: Expose these required equations separately from optional differentiation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.1.5 Motion graph relationships Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Displacement, velocity and acceleration graph relationships explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.2.1 Oscillation energy exchange Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Energy exchange and displacement/time graph interpretation inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.2.2 Total oscillator energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Total-energy relation and amplitude scaling explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 17.3.1 Dissipative oscillation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Resistive forces and loss of oscillator energy explained.

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A2 · 17.3.2 Damping regimes Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Three damping regimes distinguished.

Study this section → Graph controls expose light, critical and heavy response from rest.

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A2 · 17.3.3 Resonant response Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sinusoidal motion, phase, graph reading and energy; calculus derivation is optional depth.

Study this section → Matched-driver demonstration and selective amplitude response explained.

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A2 · 18.1.1 Electric field definition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Force per positive test charge and direction rule inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 18.1.2 Force from electric field Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Signed charge-field force relation explained.

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A2 · 18.1.3 Electric field diagrams Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Origins, terminations, tangents and density conventions explained.

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A2 · 18.2.1 Uniform plate field Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Potential-gap equation and direction explained.

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A2 · 18.2.2 Electric beam deflection Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Acceleration and independent perpendicular motion components inspected.

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A2 · 18.3.1 Spherical conductor exterior Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Exterior symmetric-source point-charge model explained.

Study this section → Spherical-conductor worked example explicitly uses the exterior point-charge relation.

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A2 · 18.3.2 Coulomb force Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Point-charge force equation inspected.

Study this section → Vacuum-permittivity form of the electrostatic constant supplied.

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A2 · 18.4.1 Radial electric field Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Inverse-square field equation, source sign and radial distance inspected.

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A2 · 18.5.1 Electric potential reference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → The complete external-work-per-positive-test-charge definition includes infinity, slow transfer and the small-probe condition. Signed source examples and a numerical work/charge calculation distinguish potential from field and energy.

Study this section → Potential per unit charge is explained.

Study this section → Infinite-separation energy reference and external-work sign are discussed.

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A2 · 18.5.2 Potential-gradient field Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Negative gradient, field direction and equipotential spacing inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 18.5.3 Point-charge potential Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Signed potential equation and inverse-distance scaling inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 18.5.4 Pair potential energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Signed fields, potentials and force; algebra, vectors and graph gradients.

Study this section → Two-charge energy and work signs inspected.

Study this section → Charge times potential explicitly connects the two concepts.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.1.1 Capacitance definitions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → The explanation and paired example explicitly distinguish isolated-sphere potential relative to infinity from inter-plate potential difference and use charge on one plate rather than net or doubled charge.

Study this section → Parallel-plate charge-per-volt definition inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.1.2 Charge-per-volt calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Capacitance relation and fixed-geometry meaning explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.1.3 Capacitor combination derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Both parallel and series derivations from charge and voltage rules are present.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.1.4 Capacitor network calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Both combination formulas are given.

Study this section → Series capacitance, charge and voltage calculation inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.2.1 Capacitor graph energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → The actual V-vertical/Q-horizontal plot shades the stored-energy triangle; text derives charging work from VΔQ and the worked example calculates its area and distinguishes the inverse-capacitance gradient.

Study this section → Stored-energy result appears without the potential-charge area explanation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.2.2 Capacitor stored energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Half-CV-squared and equivalent half-QV forms explicitly stated.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.3.1 Discharge graphs Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Discharge implements the source-disconnected RC loop plus distinct Q-time, V-time and signed I-time plots. The opposite current references, common time constant, graph gradient/area meaning and one-time-constant example are explicit.

Study this section → Voltage/current/charge share an exponential shape in the explanation.

Study this section → Interactive plot shows voltage versus time with current and charge readouts.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.3.2 RC time constant Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → Tangent and remaining-fraction interpretations and units inspected.

Still needed: Required RC content sits in a calculus-labelled lesson; provide direct A-Level entry to the algebraic section.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 19.3.3 Exponential discharge calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Charge, potential and exponential decay; graph areas and algebraic derivations.

Study this section → All three exponential forms stated; examples calculate remaining voltage and elapsed time.

Still needed: Keep algebraic use of discharge equations available without requiring the differential-equation derivation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.1.1 Magnetic field sources Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Permanent magnets and moving-charge responses explained.

Study this section → Current-generated magnetic fields explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.1.2 Magnetic field diagrams Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Closed field-line directions and strength convention inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.2.1 Current-wire magnetic force Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Force on moving carriers and transmitted wire force explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.2.2 Wire-force angle and direction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Angle-dependent force and Fleming direction rule inspected.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.2.3 Flux-density force definition Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Perpendicular maximum-force condition stated.

Study this section → Known current and length are used to infer field from force.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.1 Particle-force direction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Positive-charge rule and electron reversal explicitly stated.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.2 Particle-force magnitude Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Charge-speed-field force with angular dependence stated.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.3 Hall-voltage derivation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Carrier force balance, drift-current relation and Hall voltage derived.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.4 Hall field measurement Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Semiconductor Hall-probe signal and field measurement explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.5 Magnetic circular trajectory Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Magnetic force provides a circular trajectory with unchanged speed.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.3.6 Crossed-field selection Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Opposed electric and magnetic forces select a beam speed.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.4.1 Current-source field sketches Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Reviewed closed magnetic field lines show a long straight wire, a flat coil in face-on and edge views, and a solenoid with parallel interior lines. Current directions, local field vectors and right-hand-rule reasoning are explicit; the practice requires independent sketches.

Study this section → Wire circles and loop-to-solenoid pattern are described.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.4.2 Ferrous-core field enhancement Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Soft-iron field enhancement and switching explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.4.3 Forces between current wires Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Each wire responds to the other field; same/opposite current directions compared.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.5.1 Magnetic flux geometry Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Area normal, field direction and flux geometry explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.5.2 Perpendicular flux calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Face-on normal geometry reduces the general relation to the perpendicular case.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.5.3 Multi-turn flux linkage Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Turn count multiplies per-turn flux.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.5.4 Induction experiment reasoning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → The complete coil-magnet experiment specifies connections, baseline, both-motion/pole reversals, Lenz predictions and controlled speed/turn-number comparisons. Logger resolution, sampling, repeats and uncertainty are explicit, with a worked evidence comparison; an apparatus illustration is optional.

Study this section → Ways of changing flux and induced response discussed.

Study this section → Approaching/retreating magnet changes and opposition explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 20.5.5 Induction laws Explanation mapped

Required depth: Field direction, trigonometry, force balances and induction; separate calculus enrichment.

Study this section → Rate of flux-linkage change and sign inspected.

Study this section → Direction determined by opposing the change, with an energy rationale.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.1.1 AC timing Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify duration and amplitude on a voltage/time trace; prior periodic motion.

Study this section → The implemented sinusoidal voltage-time trace has labelled units and a zero line; explanations and worked readings distinguish peak from full swing and equivalent-phase period from adjacent zero crossings, then calculate frequency.

Study this section → Peak and frequency explicit; period is implicit in smoothing discussion.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.1.2 AC phase Explanation mapped

Required depth: Substitute time into a sinusoid with radians and consistent units.

Study this section → Sinusoidal current and angular frequency explicit.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.1.3 Heating average Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the squared-sine average for a purely resistive load.

Study this section → Mean/peak heating formula and heater example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.1.4 Effective amplitude Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert sinusoidal peak/effective values; no arbitrary-waveform shortcut.

Study this section → Both current/voltage formulas and heating interpretation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.2.1 Rectified traces Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare missing versus inverted half-cycles on common axes.

Study this section → Rendered AC, half-wave and full-wave traces.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.2.2 Single-diode output Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain forward conduction and reverse blocking.

Study this section → Passed/blocked half-cycles explained.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.2.3 Bridge paths Explanation mapped

Required depth: Trace the two conducting diode pairs through the same load direction.

Study this section → Bridge renders all four diode symbols, the central load and a separate complete source return. Its toggle exposes both conducting pairs while retaining the same load direction; written routes and the worked negative-half-cycle example match the implemented cathode orientations.

Study this section → Text identifies forward-biased pairs and unchanged load direction.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 21.2.4 Reservoir response Explanation mapped

Required depth: Relate RC, charging/discharging and ripple; prior capacitance.

Study this section → Explains capacitor and load effects; worked ripple example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.1.1 Photon evidence Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use photon relations with SI units; distinguish radiation from massive particles.

Study this section → Compares classical predictions with emission observations.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.1.2 Energy packets Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use photon relations with SI units; distinguish radiation from massive particles.

Study this section → Indivisible photon energy transfer.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.1.3 Photon calculation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use photon relations with SI units; distinguish radiation from massive particles.

Study this section → Energy formula and numerical example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.1.4 eV conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use photon relations with SI units; distinguish radiation from massive particles.

Study this section → Worked conversion between joules and eV.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.1.5 Photon recoil Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use photon relations with SI units; distinguish radiation from massive particles.

Study this section → Photon momentum and recoil.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.2.1 Electron release Explanation mapped

Required depth: Describe metal photoemission without a classical accumulation model.

Study this section → Metal-emission observation and photon account.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.2.2 Emission cutoff Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish frequency/wavelength cutoffs through c=fλ.

Study this section → Threshold frequency and maximum threshold wavelength are explicitly related through c=fλ and the work function; the example computes the wavelength cutoff and tests illumination on both sides of it.

Study this section → Threshold frequency is explicit; wavelength cutoff is not.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.2.3 Escape energy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain one-photon absorption and work-function cost.

Study this section → One-photon energy account.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.2.4 Electron energy balance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Combine incident energy, work function and maximum kinetic energy.

Study this section → Einstein equation and energy examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.2.5 Intensity distinction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Separate electron rate from maximum energy at fixed frequency.

Study this section → Photocurrent and energy roles distinguished.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.3.1 Dual evidence Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare photon observations with optical wave evidence.

Study this section → The section compares light interference/diffraction with photoelectric evidence, explaining the role of each description. A worked scenario contrasts destructive optical interference with a frequency threshold rather than substituting electron diffraction for light evidence.

Study this section → Photoemission evidence.

Study this section → Electron interference discussion.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.3.2 Electron pattern Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret crystal maxima qualitatively.

Study this section → Apparatus, angular maxima and voltage dependence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.3.3 Matter wavelength Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret particle-associated wavelength without a mechanical-wobble model.

Study this section → Definition and probability-wave clarification.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.3.4 Momentum conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use λ=h/p with nonrelativistic momentum only where valid.

Study this section → Formula and accelerated-electron example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.4.1 Allowed energies Explanation mapped

Required depth: Read a discrete bound-state ladder; Bohr derivation is extension.

Study this section → Discrete levels explicitly taught.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.4.2 Spectral fingerprints Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain bright/dark line appearances through transitions.

Study this section → Both source arrangements and line patterns.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 22.4.3 Transition photons Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a positive level gap for emission or absorption.

Study this section → Energy-gap relation and line examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.1 Mass-energy conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert rest mass to energy using consistent kg/J or u/MeV.

Study this section → Mass-energy equation and numerical conversion.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.2 Nuclear bookkeeping Explanation mapped

Required depth: Balance nucleon/charge numbers in reaction notation.

Study this section → An incoming projectile and target appear explicitly on the reaction's left side; the worked unknown-product calculation balances A and Z separately and distinguishes nucleon conservation from unchanged rest mass.

Study this section → Alpha/beta examples teach balancing.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.3 Binding account Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish mass defect, binding and released reaction energy.

Study this section → Definitions and helium mass-defect example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.4 Stability curve Explanation mapped

Required depth: Sketch rise, iron-region peak and heavy-nucleus decline.

Study this section → Curve shape explained and plotted interactively.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.5 Splitting and merging Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish the two nuclear mechanisms.

Study this section → Fission mechanism with adjacent fusion explanation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.6 Curve energetics Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use binding per nucleon to explain energetically favoured changes.

Study this section → Both sides of the curve explained together.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.1.7 Reaction release Explanation mapped

Required depth: Subtract total reactant/product masses with correct sign.

Study this section → Worked radium reaction energy.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.1 Count scatter Explanation mapped

Required depth: Infer random decay from equal-duration count variations.

Study this section → Equal-duration numerical counts, fixed experimental conditions and a separate background measurement support a worked corrected-rate calculation and qualified inference of random decay. The section does not infer randomness from uncontrolled scatter alone.

Study this section → Statistical scatter discussed in a dating example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.2 Unprompted randomness Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish unpredictable timing from absence of an external trigger.

Study this section → Definition and external-condition discussion.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.3 Decay rate Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish sample activity from per-nucleus probability rate.

Study this section → λ definition and A=λN; integration is optional.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.4 Halving interval Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use constant fractional loss over equal intervals.

Study this section → Halving interval and repeated-halving examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.5 Rate-timescale link Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use λ=ln2/T with consistent time units.

Study this section → Formula and noninteger-half-life example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 23.2.6 Decay curve Explanation mapped

Required depth: Apply and sketch population/activity/corrected-rate exponentials.

Study this section → All three observables linked to the same function.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.1 Crystal reciprocity Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a pulse model and consistent acoustic quantities; no clinical decision claims.

Study this section → Both directions of the piezoelectric effect.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.2 Pulse transducer Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a pulse model and consistent acoustic quantities; no clinical decision claims.

Study this section → Generation, listening and damping phases.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.3 Echo location Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a pulse model and consistent acoustic quantities; no clinical decision claims.

Study this section → Delay interpretation and image formation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.4 Acoustic mismatch Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a pulse model and consistent acoustic quantities; no clinical decision claims.

Study this section → Impedance expression, units and example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.5 Boundary reflection Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a pulse model and consistent acoustic quantities; no clinical decision claims.

Study this section → Intensity reflection expression and tissue example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.1.6 Sound attenuation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use exponential intensity loss with matching μ/length units.

Study this section → Intensity attenuation uses consistent length/coefficient units and explicitly separates outward propagation, boundary reflection and return propagation. The worked example calculates boundary, reflected and received echo intensities; no diagram is necessary to supply missing data.

Study this section → Qualitative sound attenuation only.

Study this section → General attenuation derivation; examples use radiative shielding.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.2.1 X-ray cutoff Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect tube voltage to maximum energy and minimum wavelength.

Study this section → Tube mechanism and cutoff calculation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.2.2 Image contrast Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain differential transmission through tissue.

Study this section → Attenuation differences and ray comparison.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.2.3 Beam attenuation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate transmission through uniform matter.

Study this section → Explicit exponential relation and thickness example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.2.4 Slice reconstruction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect angular projections to slices and a volume.

Study this section → Complete slice-to-volume mechanism.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.1 Tracer routing Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → Labelled molecule and tissue uptake.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.2 Positron tracer Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → PET emitter distinguished from gamma-camera isotope.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.3 Annihilation accounts Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → Energy and momentum conservation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.4 Photon pair Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → Tissue electron and opposite photons.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.5 511-keV result Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → Numerical electron rest-energy calculation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 24.3.6 Coincidence image Explanation mapped

Required depth: Follow near-rest PET annihilation using conservation laws.

Study this section → Escaping photons, coincidence and timing reconstruction.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.1.1 Radiant power Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish total emitted power from flux per area.

Study this section → Luminosity is explicitly total radiative power in watts and is distinguished from received flux per area and its distance dependence; the worked stellar calculation identifies the total luminosity input.

Study this section → Source power in the inverse-square interpretation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.1.2 Flux dilution Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use spherical dilution with consistent power/area/distance units.

Study this section → Formula and solar-flux example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.1.3 Known-luminosity source Explanation mapped

Required depth: Distinguish intrinsic calibration from apparent brightness.

Study this section → Definition and Cepheid/supernova examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.1.4 Galaxy distance Explanation mapped

Required depth: Infer distance from calibration and observed flux.

Study this section → Calibration method and worked distance.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.2.1 Colour thermometer Explanation mapped

Required depth: Infer temperature from peak wavelength in m and K.

Study this section → Wien relation and colour interpretation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.2.2 Radiating sphere Explanation mapped

Required depth: Relate power to emitting area and T^4.

Study this section → Stefan relation and radius examples.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.2.3 Radius inference Explanation mapped

Required depth: Combine peak wavelength and luminosity to eliminate temperature.

Study this section → The worked chain converts a wavelength-spectrum peak, obtains temperature from Wien's law and combines total luminosity with Stefan–Boltzmann to find radius, with black-body assumptions and radius-versus-diameter distinction stated.

Study this section → Separate Wien and radius examples only.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.3.1 Shifted fingerprint Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare identified lines with laboratory wavelengths.

Study this section → Explicit line comparison.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.3.2 Fractional shift Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the low-speed approximation with a stated sign convention.

Study this section → Signed wavelength/frequency changes are defined separately, the low-speed opposite-sign fractional relationship is explained and a worked frequency redshift obtains a positive recession speed; the exact wavelength-frequency ratio exposes the approximation.

Study this section → Wavelength shift and v/c; frequency form absent.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.3.3 Expanding space Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret systematic redshift without an expansion centre.

Study this section → Expansion and no-centre explanation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · 25.3.4 Expansion relation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Apply v=H0d in SI and infer an earlier dense state.

Study this section → Hubble relation, historical inference and SI conversion example.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.absolute (local skill reference) Reading uncertainty Explanation mapped

Required depth: Estimate uncertainty from the measuring process.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 2: instrument stations and defensible uncertainty. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.all-data (local skill reference) Complete record Partial explanation

Required depth: Keep every original observation in the results table.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.axes (local skill reference) Axis notation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Label both axes with quantity and unit.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 5: construct a graph from a spring record. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Motion slopes and labelled axes, not a practical plotting tutorial.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.calculations (local skill reference) Derived values Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate quantities from original measurements.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.constant-difference (local skill reference) Constant comparison Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate percentage difference between experimentally obtained constants.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 8: decide whether two constants agree. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.constants (local skill reference) Experimental constants Explanation mapped

Required depth: Extract a constant with meaningful units.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 6: read the fitted line, not two measurements. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.coordinates (local skill reference) Trend coordinates Explanation mapped

Required depth: Read coordinates from a fitted line rather than arbitrary measurements.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 7: a tangent describes one instant. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Motion slopes and labelled axes, not a practical plotting tutorial.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.difference-bound (local skill reference) Tolerance comparison Explanation mapped

Required depth: Compare that difference with the supplied percentage uncertainty.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 8: decide whether two constants agree. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.difference-verdict (local skill reference) Comparison verdict Explanation mapped

Required depth: Tie the conclusion explicitly to that quantitative comparison.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 8: decide whether two constants agree. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.displays (local skill reference) Scale reading Partial explanation

Required depth: Read analogue divisions and digital resolution.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.dominant (local skill reference) Dominant uncertainty Explanation mapped

Required depth: Name the measurement and its main source of doubt.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 9: repair the actual experiment. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Resistivity example identifies diameter contribution and instrument improvement.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.false-origin (local skill reference) Shifted origin Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use false origins appropriately without changing slope interpretation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.fit (local skill reference) Trend construction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a thin continuous fit, balanced scatter and a clearly identified omitted anomaly.

Study this section → The lesson and rendered spring fit explain a thin continuous balanced trend, rejection of joining/origin forcing, and justified, identified anomalies; the question explicitly tests these choices.

Study this section → Motion slopes and labelled axes, not a practical plotting tutorial.

Practise this objective · 3 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.gradient (local skill reference) Gradient estimate Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a triangle covering more than half the drawn line, including tangent gradients.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 7: a tangent describes one instant. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Motion slopes and labelled axes, not a practical plotting tutorial.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.half-range (local skill reference) Repeat spread Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use half the repeated-reading range when appropriate.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 4: time cycles and decide what repeats mean. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.headings (local skill reference) Quantity-unit headings Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use permitted quantity/unit notation, not a bare unit or concatenated symbol.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.hypothesis (local skill reference) Evidence judgement Explanation mapped

Required depth: Judge whether observations support a proposed relation.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 8: decide whether two constants agree. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.improvement (local skill reference) Feasible repair Explanation mapped

Required depth: Improve or extend the same experiment; avoid changing it or citing already-available corrections.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 9: repair the actual experiment. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Random/systematic errors, repeats and accuracy/precision.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.instructions (local skill reference) Diagram execution Partial explanation

Required depth: Translate written and diagrammatic instructions, including circuits.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 1: build and check a low-voltage circuit. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.instruments (local skill reference) Instrument repertoire Partial explanation

Required depth: Cover ruler, protractor, balance, force meter, electrical meters, cylinder, calipers, micrometer and thermometer.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.intercept (local skill reference) Offset recovery Explanation mapped

Required depth: Recover an intercept algebraically when the graph has a false origin.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.limitations (local skill reference) Method limitations Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify a specific limitation of the actual arrangement.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 9: repair the actual experiment. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Random/systematic errors, repeats and accuracy/precision.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.linear-model (local skill reference) Graph equation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect axes and slope/intercept to physical constants.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.occupancy (local skill reference) Graph occupancy Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use at least half the grid width and height.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.plot (local skill reference) Point precision Explanation mapped

Required depth: Plot all values to better than 1mm using small visible crosses or circled dots.

Study this section → Paper-grid dimensions and scales, worked point location, fine visible plotting and better-than-1-mm criterion are explicit; the rendered six-point spring reference and drawing rubric complete the explanation.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.precision (local skill reference) Consistent precision Explanation mapped

Required depth: Keep raw values compatible with instrument precision throughout a column.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.prediction (local skill reference) Model prediction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Predict a fresh outcome with a supported fit.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.pretable (local skill reference) Prepared table Partial explanation

Required depth: Prepare the table before measuring and record directly.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.quality (local skill reference) Accurate recording Partial explanation

Required depth: Acquire and preserve plausible readings without adjusting them to expected results.

Study this section → Random/systematic errors, repeats and accuracy/precision.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.quantity (local skill reference) Sufficient readings Partial explanation

Required depth: Collect enough observations for the given task.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.range (local skill reference) Usable range Partial explanation

Required depth: Span the widest permitted safe measurement range.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.raw-derived (local skill reference) Data columns Explanation mapped

Required depth: Separate original readings and derived quantities.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.relative (local skill reference) Uncertainty conversion Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert absolute and percentage forms.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.repair-detail (local skill reference) Repair description Explanation mapped

Required depth: Describe the modification clearly in words or a labelled sketch.

Study this section → The original pointer/ruler repair is described with its attachment, ruler plane, common read edge, operating method and pointer-mass control. A clear written description meets the words-or-diagrams demand; the unrendered sketch remains a separate supporting asset.

Practise this objective · 3 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.repeats (local skill reference) Repeated readings Partial explanation

Required depth: Repeat when useful and average consistently.

Study this section → Random/systematic errors, repeats and accuracy/precision.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.scale (local skill reference) Readable scaling Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose readable 1,2,5-based scale increments.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.setup (local skill reference) Independent setup Partial explanation

Required depth: Assemble the stated equipment without instructional assistance.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.sigfig (local skill reference) Calculated precision Explanation mapped

Required depth: Justify n or n+1 significant figures from the least precise multiplicative input.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.table (local skill reference) Single record Explanation mapped

Required depth: Organise numerical observations in one table.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.tangent (local skill reference) Tangent construction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Draw a tangent to a curved fitted trend at the specified position.

Study this section → The lesson and rendered 2.0 s tangent demonstrate local alignment rather than a secant and a large fitted-line triangle; the independent 1.5 s task includes construction criteria and a reasonable-fit tolerance.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.ticks (local skill reference) Regular numbering Explanation mapped

Required depth: Number each full axis regularly, at least every 2cm.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.timing (local skill reference) Cycle timing Partial explanation

Required depth: Time complete cycles with an unambiguous reference.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

AS · P3.working (local skill reference) Visible reasoning Explanation mapped

Required depth: Show calculation steps and explain equation choices.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 3 written preparation: AS practical 3: create the record before measuring. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.additional-detail (local skill reference) Planning refinements Explanation mapped

Required depth: Add relevant preliminary trials, calibration, extra controls or measuring-circuit detail.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 1: turn a model into a workable investigation. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.analysis-plan (local skill reference) Analysis plan Explanation mapped

Required depth: Choose derived variables, graph and route to a constant.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.apparatus (local skill reference) Labelled arrangement Explanation mapped

Required depth: Provide workable apparatus and a reproducible procedure.

Study this section → A reviewed labelled spring-timing arrangement shows secure stand and clamp, total suspended mass, nearby ruler and reference crossing, small amplitude, twenty-cycle timing, detached-assembly weighing and clearance. The independent plan/drawing task assesses this explanatory demand; actual laboratory execution remains separate.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.conclusion (local skill reference) Qualified result Explanation mapped

Required depth: Report units, precision and a justified conclusion.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 9: a worst acceptable line must pass every interval. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.controls (local skill reference) Controlled factors Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify other quantities kept fixed.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.conversion (local skill reference) Relative-absolute link Explanation mapped

Required depth: Convert absolute, fractional and percentage uncertainties.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 8: transform the uncertainty as well as the value. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.dependent (local skill reference) Response variable Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify the measured response.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.derived-choice (local skill reference) Axis selection Explanation mapped

Required depth: Decide which derived values linearise the supplied model.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 5: choose transformed axes before fitting. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.derived-table (local skill reference) Processed table Explanation mapped

Required depth: Calculate and record derived values beside original data.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 7: construct a capacitor-discharge semi-log record. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.errorbars (local skill reference) Two-axis intervals Explanation mapped

Required depth: Show each point with required horizontal/vertical uncertainty bars.

Study this section → The lesson, three-point two-axis reference and enlarged endpoint inset explain horizontal/vertical bounds after transformation; the independent point-drawing part has explicit interval marks.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.exponential (local skill reference) Exponential fit Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use a natural-log vertical axis to recover prefactor and rate.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.expressions (local skill reference) Physical parameters Explanation mapped

Required depth: Derive how fitted parameters give the required physical quantity.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.final-uncertainty (local skill reference) Result notation Explanation mapped

Required depth: Write value, absolute uncertainty and unit together.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.gates (local skill reference) Light-gate method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Connect gates/logger and infer intervals, speed and acceleration.

Study this section → The method describes gate/logger connections and entry/exit mode, distinguishes flag blocking from inter-gate transit, and uses blocked-interval midpoints for acceleration. Worked data and the named question parts complete the descriptive demand. The planned gate/event diagram is not yet rendered.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.gradient-intercept (local skill reference) Fit parameters Explanation mapped

Required depth: Obtain slope and intercept from the fitted line.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.gradient-uncertainty (local skill reference) Slope interval Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the magnitude of best-fit minus worst-acceptable gradient.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.hold (local skill reference) Control method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain how every control is held constant in practice.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.independent (local skill reference) Input variable Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify the varied quantity.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.instrument-fit (local skill reference) Fit-for-purpose tools Explanation mapped

Required depth: Select instruments for the correct quantity and adequate precision.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.intercept-uncertainty (local skill reference) Intercept interval Explanation mapped

Required depth: Use the magnitude of best-fit minus worst-acceptable intercept.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.lab-cycle (local skill reference) Plan-perform-evaluate Partial explanation

Required depth: Develop supervised experience executing and evaluating self-designed plans.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 10: plan, perform, evaluate, then revise. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Still needed: Written preparation added. Actual supervised performance must be observed and recorded; online work cannot supply this evidence.

Official syllabus reference · page 49 ↗

A2 · P5.linear (local skill reference) Linear constants Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret fitted slope/intercept as physical parameters.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.log-precision (local skill reference) Logarithm precision Explanation mapped

Required depth: Relate logarithmic decimal places to input significant figures.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 6: determine a power law with dimensionless logarithms. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.log-units (local skill reference) Dimensionless logs Explanation mapped

Required depth: Put a quantity/unit ratio inside the logarithm; the logarithm has no unit.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.measure (local skill reference) Measurement method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Specify how input and response are measured.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.plot (local skill reference) P3 graph conventions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Apply P3 axis, scale, point and line rules to transformed observations.

Study this section → The lesson applies P3 scales, occupancy, marks and fits to six dimensionless common-log pairs; raw/log reference graphs and the candidate graph rubric complete the transformed-plot explanation.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.power (local skill reference) Power-law fit Explanation mapped

Required depth: Interpret common-log slope/intercept; 2028 writes lg explicitly.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.precaution (local skill reference) Risk reduction Explanation mapped

Required depth: Match workable precautions to identified hazards.

Study this section → Reviewed Paper 5 written preparation: A2 practical 2: connect each precaution to an actual hazard. Constructed data and original marking guidance do not certify supervised competence.

Practise this objective · 2 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.propagation (local skill reference) Derived uncertainty Explanation mapped

Required depth: Propagate conservative uncertainty through the actual transformation.

Study this section → Uncertainty representation and conservative propagation rules.

Practise this objective · 3 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.rearrange (local skill reference) Model forms Explanation mapped

Required depth: Transform linear, power and exponential relations for plotting.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.risk (local skill reference) Risk assessment Explanation mapped

Required depth: Identify concrete hazards and evaluate exposure.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.scope (local skill reference) Oscilloscope method Explanation mapped

Required depth: Measure voltage, current via known resistance, time and frequency; include stored traces.

Study this section → The written method covers gain/time base/probe factor, voltage and indirect current through a known low-side resistor, timing/frequency, stored transients and common-ground precautions. Worked data and the named question parts address the page-51 descriptive demand. Planned trace/circuit drawings are not yet rendered and are not admitted by this match.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.sensors (local skill reference) Sensor logging Explanation mapped

Required depth: Explain suitable additional sensors and logger settings.

Study this section → The written sensor method and acquisition task cover suitable sampling, motion-sensor alignment and usable/minimum range, saved timestamps/settings and sensor response. No compulsory apparatus drawing or live execution is added to this descriptive alias; the planned sensor visual remains separate.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.sigfig (local skill reference) P3 precision conventions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Apply P3 precision justification to processed quantities.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.table (local skill reference) P3 table conventions Explanation mapped

Required depth: Apply P3 table through sigfig aliases, including original and derived columns.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.table-uncertainty (local skill reference) Uncertainty columns Explanation mapped

Required depth: Place an absolute uncertainty beside every tabulated value.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.vary (local skill reference) Input adjustment Explanation mapped

Required depth: Describe reproducible variation of the input using the apparatus.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.workable (local skill reference) Workable design Explanation mapped

Required depth: The proposed assembly must permit the required observations.

Practise this objective · 1 reviewed question matches →

A2 · P5.worst-line (local skill reference) Admissible fit Explanation mapped

Required depth: Draw a labelled extreme slope through all error bars, distinct from the best fit.

Study this section → The lesson and rendered best/shallow/steep references teach extremality, every-bar consistency and a distinctly labelled worst acceptable line; the task provides raw data without fitted endpoints and assesses the drawing and all-bar verification.