IB objective coverage

Required depth: Connect the chosen reference point with rates and changing motion. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The reference-point explanation and signed-position model were read.

Study this section · SL → Distance/time and displacement/time are distinguished.

Study this section · SL → The signed velocity-change model supplies the third quantity.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain each rate and identify the corresponding graph gradient. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The two definitions are stated with units.

Study this section · SL → Average acceleration is explicitly defined.

Study this section · SL → The graph connects its slope with acceleration.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate final minus initial position against a stated axis. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The journey readout calculates displacement from endpoints.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish accumulated path length from signed endpoint change. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The out-and-back journey exposes different distance and displacement.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Determine both kinds of rate, rather than merely name them. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The speedometer note distinguishes a moment from an interval.

Study this section · SL → Piecewise position-time samples support interval slopes.

Study this section · SL → The implemented calculation is an average.

Still needed: Add numerical tangent constructions and instantaneous-acceleration examples; the current lessons mainly calculate interval averages. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Choose a suitable equation, preserve signs and check the constant-acceleration model. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → All four formula choices and their use conditions are available.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain when acceleration stays fixed and interpret a changing-rate case. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The constant-acceleration condition is explicit.

Study this section · SL → Motion graphs introduce changing motion but do not complete a variable-acceleration treatment.

Still needed: Add a worked non-uniform-acceleration graph and explain why the constant-acceleration equations then fail. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Apply the model to horizontal launches and launches on either side of the horizontal. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The component and trajectory models cover upward-angle and horizontal examples.

Still needed: The main angle control starts at +10 degrees and the separate case is horizontal; no downward-angled worked launch was verified.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain changes to trajectory, flight timing and limiting motion qualitatively. Use algebra, trigonometry and graphs; numerical projectiles use constant near-surface gravity with negligible drag.

Study this section · SL → The model boundary states that drag opposes velocity and changes both components.

Still needed: Add a coherent flight-with-drag explanation, including terminal speed; the current teaching boundary is only a short warning.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify interactions and apply each law to the selected object or system. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → All three laws have examples and a two-body third-law distinction.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Name both interacting bodies and preserve the physical force type. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The third-law account identifies the separate receiving bodies.

Study this section · SL → The force selector labels contact and field interactions.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Isolate a body and label only forces acting on it in one or two dimensions. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The diagram rules and labelled scenes explicitly isolate the chosen object.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Resolve and sum perpendicular components consistently. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The force board links the diagram to signed component sums.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Select the relevant contact law and respect its physical limits. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Normal and tension directions and contact interactions are identified.

Study this section · SL → Static inequality and sliding-friction rules are explicit.

Study this section · SL → The signed restoring-force and proportional-range conditions were inspected.

Study this section · SL → Displaced-fluid upthrust is explained and calculated.

Still needed: No dedicated Stokes-drag explanation was verified in the mapped school lessons. The terminal-viscosity question supplies the law but is not a replacement lesson.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish gravity, electric and magnetic interactions and calculate local weight. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The selector includes the three field-force families and directions.

Study this section · SL → The mass/weight lab applies the local gravitational field.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Select the system and check whether an external impulse is negligible. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The signed momentum definition is present.

Study this section · SL → The lesson explains when the system total stays fixed.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use elapsed interaction time or a signed force-time area. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Average force, contact duration and graph area are connected.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Translate the impulse into a signed change of system momentum. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Rebound calculations apply the impulse-momentum relationship.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish fixed mass from a system exchanging material. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The current section states both the fixed-particle law and the need to include incoming/outgoing momentum; it avoids differentiating the remaining rocket alone.

Still needed: A worked changing-mass momentum balance would strengthen application practice, although the explanatory distinction is present. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Compare collision types and apply momentum component balances. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Elastic and sticking examples separate the energy and momentum accounts.

Study this section · HL → Oblique cases explicitly balance perpendicular components.

Still needed: No canonical collision question matching the complete shared/HL demand was separately verified. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Follow all fragments and distinguish internal release from external impulse. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → An explosion example starts from a zero total momentum.

Study this section · HL → The two-component method is demonstrated for collisions, but no two-dimensional explosion example was verified.

Still needed: The SL recoil account is supported; add an explicit two-dimensional explosion treatment for the full HL application demand.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Track energy conversion separately from momentum conservation. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Kinetic-energy changes are calculated for sticking and elastic cases.

Study this section · SL → The explosion example permits increased kinetic energy from an internal store.

Study this section · HL → The two-axis collision model supports the HL context.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate the inward acceleration using linear or angular speed. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Both speed forms, vector directions and a period calculation are present.

Study this section · SL → The angular/period conversion completes the equivalent forms.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Identify the real forces supplying radial acceleration in horizontal and vertical motion. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The model treats the resultant as real-force components and discusses top/bottom positions.

Still needed: The verified worked set emphasises constant-speed and a top-of-bridge case. Add an explicit changing-speed vertical-loop top/bottom sequence; banked-road calculations on this page are optional. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain changing direction at fixed speed without inventing an extra force. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → Perpendicular acceleration and tangent velocity are explained.

Study this section · SL → The lesson warns against adding a separate centripetal-force arrow.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Convert period, radius and radians to a tangential speed. Use signed forces/components; no quantitative banked-road requirement or simultaneous collision momentum/energy solution.

Study this section · SL → The wheel and gear examples distinguish shared angular speed from rim speed.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Choose a system and include all destinations of transferred energy. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → Mechanical and dissipated energy are distinguished.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Connect the action of a force with the receiving energy store. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The work concept and force/displacement examples explicitly connect the transfer.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Read and construct proportional-width energy/power flows. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The Sankey paragraph specifies proportional widths and gives a 100-to-40 example.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the force component along the displacement and keep its sign. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → Angled and opposing-force examples apply the cosine relationship.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Sum work by all forces before calculating the kinetic-energy change. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The theorem distinguishes net work from one selected force.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Add translational, near-surface gravitational and elastic stores consistently. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The mechanical total and its component stores are explicit.

Study this section · SL → The spring-energy model supplies the elastic contribution.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: State when the mechanical total stays constant and when it changes. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The friction example tracks mechanical loss into other forms.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Apply the three store equations and switch between energy and momentum data. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The mass-speed form and energy changes are worked.

Study this section · SL → Vertical height changes are used.

Study this section · SL → The extension-squared form is stated.

Still needed: The momentum-squared kinetic-energy form was not found in the inspected store lessons; add its algebraic connection and an application.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret a rate and use the aligned-force speed relationship. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → The formula set and motor/hill examples supply both rate and force-speed methods.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare useful output with total input using like quantities. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → Useful-output ratios and input-power calculations are present.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish energy per mass from energy per volume and apply the units. Use algebra and energy accounts; account explicitly for non-conservative work.

Study this section · SL → Both fuel metrics and conversion examples are explicitly given.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Choose an axis and calculate the signed moment of an angled force. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The sine factor, axis choice and clockwise/counter-clockwise convention are explicit.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Set the signed torque sum to zero for rotational equilibrium. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The lever and cable examples apply moment balance.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain how a nonzero net torque changes rotation. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The fixed-axis model directly connects net torque to angular acceleration.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Describe angle, rate and rate change with a stated positive sense. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → Radians and angular rate are introduced.

Study this section · HL → Angular acceleration is calculated from the change of angular speed.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Choose an angular kinematics equation and test the constant-torque assumption. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The three angular formulae are explicitly linked to their linear counterparts.

Study this section · HL → The angular rate definition supplies the average-speed form.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare mass locations about a named axis without deriving continuous-body formulae. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → Hoop/disc comparisons and radius-squared dependence are explained.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Sum point-mass contributions using perpendicular distances. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → Single- and two-mass examples directly apply the discrete sum.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the net torque and preserve signs in an acceleration or braking calculation. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The wheel and grindstone worked examples use the fixed-axis law.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use the scalar rigid-body relation about its specified axis. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → Use the rigid-body formula and easy example; cross-product teaching is additional context.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Analyse changing inertia and interacting rotating bodies. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The skater and platform/student cases apply negligible external torque.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate a torque-time transfer and relate it to the initial/final angular momentum. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The rate-of-change link is given in derivative notation.

Still needed: Add the finite angular-impulse equation, a torque-time area and a worked duration example without requiring calculus. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use either angular speed or angular momentum data; combine translation only for pure rolling. HL: use signed scalar rotation and radians; no formal torque/angular-momentum vector treatment or inertia integration is required.

Study this section · HL → The rotational energy formula and worked flywheel examples are present.

Study this section · HL → The fixed-angular-momentum energy form is explicit.

Study this section · HL → Pure rolling adds translational and rotational energy.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify what defines a frame and distinguish inertial from accelerating examples. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The coordinate-grid/clock definition and braking-car comparison were inspected.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain why uniform translation does not alter a mechanics experiment. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The train experiment and invariant-acceleration explanation support the symmetry.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Transform one event between origins moving at fixed relative speed. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The coordinate/time formulae and 24 m/114 m example are present.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use signed one-dimensional relative velocities at ordinary speeds. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → Forward and rearward train-walking examples apply the same relation.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Apply frame symmetry and vacuum light-speed invariance. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → Both postulates and a moving-source light example are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Keep event separations distinct from simultaneous rod measurements. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → Both coordinate transformations and a checked invariant example are supplied.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use the denominator correction and test the light-speed limit. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The probe and approaching-ship examples calculate valid sub-light relative speeds.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Compute the same interval in both frames and interpret its sign. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The interval and numerical invariance check are given.

Study this section · HL → The lab displays original and transformed interval values.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Choose the rest-frame length and the clock present at both events. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The proper-time and proper-length definitions precede the worked examples.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate the Lorentz factor before comparing elapsed times. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The ship clock and muon lifetime examples apply time dilation.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Measure endpoints simultaneously in the observing frame and contract only along motion. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The formula note and star-trip example identify the proper length and motion direction.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use event positions as well as times to determine temporal order. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The position-dependent time term supplies an unambiguous signed calculation.

Study this section · HL → Tilted simultaneity slices are explained.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Read stationary/moving worldlines and correctly calibrate the two frames' axes. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The ct/x axes, worldlines and simultaneity tilt are explained.

Study this section · HL → The live diagram tilts primed axes and displays transformed coordinates.

Still needed: Add invariant-interval calibration of the unequal primed/unprimed axis scales and direct diagram constructions for length/time measurements; the current sketch has no calibrated primed ticks. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate a line's angle from the ct axis to the speed ratio. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The reciprocal slope c/v and constant-speed examples are present.

Still needed: State and illustrate the angle-from-time-axis tangent relationship explicitly; slope from the horizontal is currently taught instead. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain the same arrival evidence using either lifetime dilation or atmosphere contraction. HL: calculate between inertial frames and read constant-speed worldlines on ct/x diagrams; transformation derivations are optional.

Study this section · HL → The muon paragraph compares both frames and the observed ground-level counts.

Still needed: The inspected extended muon bank item also requires exponential survival calculations; it is not included as a focused A.5 prerequisite. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain the macroscopic state using particle arrangement and freedom of motion. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The solid/liquid/gas comparison and expansion explanation were read.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate measured mass and occupied volume with consistent units. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The density definition, conversions and examples are available.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Convert readings using the absolute-scale offset. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The exact Kelvin/Celsius offset and rounded worked conversions are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish a scale offset from the size of a temperature change. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The formula explanation explicitly states that the offset cancels in a difference.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use mean translational kinetic energy with absolute temperature. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The per-molecule relation and numerical 300 K example are supplied.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish the stored microscopic sum from heat crossing a boundary. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → Random kinetic and intermolecular potential contributions are explicitly distinguished.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Identify the direction of net transfer from the temperature comparison. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → Thermal equilibrium and hot-to-cold transfer are explained.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain a plateau using microscopic energy storage and changing particle arrangement. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The heating curve, potential-energy account and evaporation distinction are explicit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Separate warming/cooling from phase changes and combine stages when necessary. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → Calorimetry, ice warming and steam condensation examples use the appropriate equations.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish particle transfer, bulk fluid movement and radiation. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The opening explanation identifies each mechanism and whether a medium is needed.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain how energy passes between neighbouring particles and through metal electrons. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The conduction paragraph contrasts lattice and free-electron mechanisms.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use material, area and thickness while tracking heat-flow direction against a signed gradient. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The positive temperature-drop formula and window calculation cover rate magnitude.

Still needed: The November 2023 guide correction added a negative gradient sign. The lesson should define its positive hot-minus-cold difference and connect it explicitly to the signed-gradient form. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Connect heating, density change, buoyancy and returning fluid flow. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The introduction names bulk flow driven by density differences.

Study this section · SL → Thermal expansion provides the density-change premise.

Still needed: Add the full convection circulation explanation; the inspected transfer record has no developed convection subsection or worked qualitative cycle. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use absolute temperature and emitting area; identify the ideal-emitter limit. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The real-surface formula explicitly identifies emissivity one as a black body.

Study this section · SL → The stellar luminosity formula uses a full spherical emitting area.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish total emitted power from received power per area. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The apparent-brightness unit and spherical spreading explanation are explicit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Rearrange the spherical-spreading relationship and use watts or solar units consistently. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → The Sun and standard-candle examples relate luminosity, flux and distance.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Read an emission spectrum and infer its source temperature from the peak. Use algebra, SI units and absolute temperature in radiation/particle calculations; temperature intervals have equal K and Celsius magnitudes.

Study this section · SL → Wien calculations for the Sun and skin are explicit.

Still needed: Add a labelled continuous blackbody spectrum and temperature-comparison interpretation; the verified section primarily supplies the peak equation. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Balance input and output at the surface and at the atmosphere boundary separately. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The bare-planet example balances intercepted and emitted power.

Still needed: Add a two-layer surface/atmosphere worked teaching example; the fuller boundary account currently sits in question feedback.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret and use the real/ideal radiated-power ratio at equal temperature. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The emissivity factor, its range and the ideal limit are explicitly linked.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Separate reflected from absorbed incident power. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The albedo ratio and contrasting surface examples are present.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain why a single global albedo does not describe all locations or times. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Still needed: No developed account of daily changes, cloud coverage and latitude dependence was verified in the inspected energy-transfer/source lessons. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Define the reference surface and distinguish the orbital irradiance from the global average. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The Sun-at-Earth worked example names the solar constant and estimates its magnitude.

Still needed: Make the perpendicular top-of-atmosphere reference explicit in the teaching definition; the numerical solar example alone is incomplete.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use the projected collecting area and the full emitting area. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The planet example explicitly contrasts pi-R-squared with four-pi-R-squared.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Connect the principal gases to natural and human sources. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → All four relevant gas formulae occur in the greenhouse paragraph.

Study this section · SL → Fossil-fuel combustion is explicitly linked to carbon dioxide.

Still needed: Add natural and human sources for each gas, especially water vapour, methane and nitrous oxide; naming the gases does not supply their origins. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain absorption at permitted molecular energies and subsequent emission directions. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → Infrared absorption and all-direction reradiation are explained.

Still needed: The inspected lesson does not connect the absorption to discrete molecular energy differences.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare a resonance account with the molecular energy-level account and their limits. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The paragraph explicitly invokes molecular vibration resonance.

Still needed: Add the energy-level account and explain the limits of the resonance analogy; only the resonance explanation was verified. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish the natural greenhouse baseline from an increased effect caused by human activity. Use ratios, powers and equilibrium energy accounts, including distinct surface and atmosphere exchanges.

Study this section · SL → The natural greenhouse temperature difference is explained.

Study this section · SL → The source comparison identifies carbon dioxide released by fossil fuels.

Still needed: Join these ideas explicitly into an enhanced-greenhouse causal explanation; the current source and transfer paragraphs leave the connection for students to infer. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use force normal to a stated area and convert area units. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → The definition and worked contact-area examples explicitly use the normal force.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Translate molecular counts and molar amounts without confusing particle and molar masses. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → The Avogadro relation and number-of-molecules examples are explicit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Relate the idealised molecular model to a real-gas approximation. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → Negligible volume, elastic collisions and absent between-collision forces are stated.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Build the combined relationship from the controlled-variable experimental laws. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → All three constrained laws and the combined equation are available.

Still needed: The lesson derives the individual laws from the equation of state; add the reverse empirical synthesis required by this objective.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use either molecular count or molar amount, with absolute temperature. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → The molar form and state changes are worked.

Study this section · SL → The molecular-count form appears in the pressure example.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain wall momentum transfer and use the mean of squared speeds, not the square of the mean. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → The collision argument and squared-speed averaging distinction are explicit.

Study this section · SL → The RMS formula explains the order of squaring and averaging.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Apply the translational-only internal-energy model with the monatomic restriction. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → The worked discussion explicitly limits the full internal-energy equation to a monatomic ideal gas.

Study this section · SL → The monatomic compression example uses the molar energy form.

Still needed: The nitrogen practice item is not treated as a full internal-energy calculation; it assesses mean translational kinetic energy only. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain the pressure, density and temperature regime where neglected effects become small. Use fixed-amount gas laws, molecular reasoning and p/V graphs; evaluate the ideal-gas approximation.

Study this section · SL → Finite molecular size, attractions, low pressure and low density are discussed.

Still needed: The lesson says moderate temperature; clarify temperature sufficiently high relative to condensation/intermolecular energy, while retaining the classical regime. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Apply conservation to a fixed amount of gas and distinguish stored energy from boundary transfers. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The current formula and notes define heat into and work by the gas consistently.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use signed volume changes and area under variable-pressure paths. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The piston argument and p/V area interpretation are given.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate monatomic internal-energy changes without adding other molecular modes. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The insulated monatomic example uses the temperature-change equation.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Relate macroscopic change to the number of compatible microscopic arrangements. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The mixed/spread-state account explains why many arrangements dominate.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use reversible constant-temperature heat and count equally probable microstates in a simple model. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → Both thermal and logarithmic formulae are present; the free-expansion example explicitly uses a reversible comparison path.

Still needed: Add a worked elementary microstate-counting model and qualify the headline Q/T rule with reversibility rather than leaving that condition to the advanced example.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Apply entropy and compare the heat-flow and cyclic-engine statements. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The total-entropy inequality distinguishes reversible from irreversible change.

Study this section · HL → Both Clausius and Kelvin statements are explicitly discussed.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain the direction of an isolated system's evolution statistically. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The arrow-of-time paragraph and free-expansion example explain irreversible entropy growth.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Keep system and surroundings accounts separate before evaluating the total. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The hot reservoir loses entropy while the cold reservoir gains more.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify the constrained variable or absence of heat flow and compare graph paths. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → All four process definitions and p/V shapes are explained.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use the monatomic exponent to connect two adiabatic states without a calculus derivation. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The general pV-to-a-power path is identified but its monatomic exponent is not supplied there.

Still needed: The exponent 5/3 and an application exist in the separate Thermodynamic Calculus page. Bring an algebra-only explanation and example into the first-law route before treating this objective as fully supported. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Connect a closed path, net gas work and return to the initial state. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → Hot input, work output and cold rejection are described for a cycle.

Study this section · HL → The path-dependent work account provides the diagram method.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare useful work with supplied heat and preserve the rejected-energy account. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The heat split and efficiency ratio are explicit.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use reservoir temperatures in kelvin and explain when equality is approached. HL: quantitative gas problems use monatomic ideal gases; heat into and work by the gas are positive; use algebra, graphs and natural logarithms.

Study this section · HL → The temperature-ratio ceiling and impossible-engine example are supplied.

Study this section · HL → The entropy argument connects rejected heat with the limit.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish supplied energy per charge from terminal delivery under load. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The complete source/load/internal voltage account is explicit.

Study this section · SL → The source-versus-component explanation identifies the energy gain.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare the two source types, including practical advantages and limitations. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The cell/battery distinction is introduced.

Study this section · SL → Solar cells are distinguished from solar heating, with output variability noted.

Still needed: Add a direct chemical-cell versus photovoltaic-cell comparison, including storage, portability, resource use and illumination dependence. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret component connections and the prescribed symbols; place meters appropriately. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → Common symbols, complete loops and meter placement are explained.

Still needed: The rendered symbol set has not been reconciled with the complete current IB data-booklet list; do not certify the full representation requirement from this gallery alone. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate charge per time and distinguish carrier motion from conventional direction. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → Current, charge transport and opposite electron/conventional directions are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret energy transfer per positive charge between two points. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The work/charge equation, two-point requirement and energy examples are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain the conductor/insulator difference using mobile versus bound charge. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The current conductor and insulator paragraphs directly contrast mobile and bound charges.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Connect charge-carrier collisions with opposition and thermal transfer. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → Electron scattering from vibrating metal ions supplies the microscopic explanation.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the static voltage/current ratio without confusing it with graph tangent resistance. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The definition distinguishes operating-point resistance from an ohmic condition.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use wire length and cross-sectional area, including diameter-to-area conversion. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The uniform-wire relation and geometry examples are supplied.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: State proportionality only with the relevant physical conditions fixed. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The constant-temperature condition and straight characteristic are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret characteristic shapes and explain heating-induced changes. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The filament-lamp explanation links temperature and changing resistance.

Study this section · SL → The metal-at-fixed-temperature reference supplies the comparison.

Still needed: The inspected extended lamp question also demands dynamic resistance; it is not emitted as a required B.5 practice link. No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Choose an equivalent static power formula using the measured operating point. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → All three power forms and numerical uses are present.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify shared currents or voltages before reducing series, parallel or mixed networks. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The current/voltage rules and mixed-network worked examples are explicit.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use both internal and external resistance and interpret a voltage/current line. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → The circuit equation and intercept/gradient explanation are explicit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Predict the behaviour of temperature/light sensors and a potentiometer arrangement. Use dc circuit algebra and graphs; ideal meters are the default, with finite constant meter resistances only when specified.

Study this section · SL → NTC and LDR response directions are explicit.

Study this section · SL → The output-spanning-component rule and sensor examples are present.

Study this section · SL → The uniform-wire variable potential and balance method are explained.

Still needed: No separate objective-specific canonical practice item was verified.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use an initial phase angle in radians and relate displacement, velocity and acceleration phases. Trigonometric substitution, without a calculus prerequisite.

Study this section · HL → The HL section defines initial phase, compares sine/cosine conventions and works a quarter-cycle example.

Still needed: The bank item named energy-phase does not actually ask an initial-phase question and has not been counted here. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use time-dependent motion, speed–displacement and energy equations with a consistent reference; algebra, trigonometry, radians and graphs.

Study this section · HL → Displacement and velocity as functions of time are explained with a worked example.

Study this section · HL → Total, potential and kinetic energies and signed speed are related and calculated.

Still needed: The selected practice samples the equation family; it does not independently assess every initial condition or graph.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Recognize SHM from proportional, oppositely directed acceleration; distinguish other periodic motion. Algebra and signed displacement.

Study this section · SL → The IB-rendered introduction distinguishes periodic motion from SHM and discusses equilibrium and turning points.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use a = −ω²x with consistent signs and SI units; explain the restoring sign without calculus.

Study this section · SL → The acceleration law is stated and applied to a signed numerical example.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Identify amplitude, equilibrium, displacement, period, frequency and angular frequency; read oscillation representations. Radians and units.

Study this section · SL → Amplitude and equilibrium are defined in the restoring-motion explanation.

Study this section · SL → Period, frequency and angular frequency are related, with their units and controlled readouts.

Still needed: Add explicit displacement–time graph interpretation practice; the current IB lab supplies readouts rather than a time trace. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Convert between period, frequency and angular frequency using algebra and radians.

Study this section · SL → The IB period section includes f, T and ω conversions and a worked spring example.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the ideal mass–spring period relation, test proportionality and state the linear-spring assumption; rearrangement and square roots.

Study this section · SL → Mass, stiffness, numerical period and the fourfold-mass scaling are taught.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate and compare small-angle pendulum periods; distinguish length, gravity and bob mass. Square roots; no calculus.

Study this section · SL → The small-angle limit, length/gravity relation and one-metre example are explicit.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Describe kinetic/potential energy exchange and constant total energy qualitatively. Numerical oscillator-energy formulae belong to additional HL.

Study this section · SL → The actual IB route compares equilibrium and turning points without requiring numerical energy.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish longitudinal/transverse motion and interpret displacement–distance and displacement–time graphs; elementary graph reading.

Study this section · SL → The transverse/longitudinal explanation separates particle motion from propagation and explains the two graph types.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate wavelength, period, frequency and propagation speed; SI conversions and proportional reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The wave-speed and reciprocal-period relationships are explained and used in numerical examples.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain sound using compressions/rarefactions and a vibrating medium; qualitative particle motion and wave graphs.

Study this section · SL → The sound explanation identifies compressions, rarefactions and the need for a material medium.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Describe transverse electric/magnetic disturbances, vacuum propagation and approximate spectrum wavelength scales. Scientific notation and qualitative directions.

Study this section · SL → The shared lesson explains perpendicular fields, vacuum propagation and spectrum ordering; visible wavelengths are quantified.

Still needed: Add approximate wavelength scales across the full spectrum in the IB-visible lesson. The Cambridge-only completion section cannot supply IB coverage. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Compare mechanical and electromagnetic propagation, including energy transfer without net bulk transport; qualitative explanation.

Study this section · SL → The wave introduction distinguishes transported energy from local medium oscillations.

Study this section · SL → The electromagnetic lesson explicitly permits propagation without a material medium.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the small-angle first-minimum relation and interpret central/side maxima; compare effects of slit width qualitatively on intensity. Trigonometry and small-angle approximation.

Study this section · HL → First-minimum and central-width calculations are explicit; the lab displays a normalized single-slit profile.

Still needed: The lab profile uses a fixed normalized shape independent of aperture controls; only readouts change. Add correctly scaled position/intensity behavior and teach the peak-intensity change. Rayleigh resolution is extra material for this mapping.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret a two-slit interference pattern modulated by the finite-width single-slit envelope; qualitative combined intensity graphs.

Still needed: Separate single-slit and double-slit pages do not explain or plot the combined envelope. The double-slit lab explicitly models ideal equal-height fringes. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use normal-incidence grating maxima and interpret multiple wavelengths/white light; trigonometry, line-density conversion and allowed integer orders.

Study this section · HL → The grating equation, order limits, line spacing and sharper spectral maxima are taught with examples.

Still needed: Add a canonical numerical grating-order item; the verified bank part assesses the qualitative comparison only.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret rays perpendicular to equal-phase wavefronts in two- and three-dimensional representations; geometry without calculus.

Study this section · SL → The nature-of-light material defines rays normal to wavefronts and introduces phase surfaces.

Still needed: Add explicit three-dimensional wavefront surfaces and corresponding ray sketches; current teaching is predominantly a two-dimensional light-ray representation. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain reflection, refraction and transmission at boundaries for waves; distinguish frequency from changing speed/wavelength.

Study this section · SL → The reflection model and normal-angle rule are explicit.

Study this section · SL → The refraction explanation relates speed change, bending and unchanged frequency.

Study this section · SL → The boundary discussion distinguishes transmitted and reflected light as incidence changes.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain spreading at an edge or opening and compare opening size with wavelength; qualitative wavefront geometry.

Study this section · SL → The diffraction explanation treats an edge and a gap, contrasting broad openings with wavelength-scale gaps.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Construct and interpret wavefront/ray diagrams, including wavefront spacing and bending/spreading. Geometrical reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The explanation connects bending to one side of a wavefront slowing first.

Study this section · SL → The diffraction text describes straight versus strongly curved emerging wavefronts.

Still needed: Provide an explicit drawing sequence linking incident/refracted wavefronts and rays, plus gap/edge diffraction diagrams. Existing ray interaction and prose do not demonstrate the full diagram task. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use refraction and total-internal-reflection conditions with angles from the normal; sine and inverse sine.

Study this section · SL → The lesson states the high-to-low index condition, critical angle and transmitted/reflected ray behavior.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate angles, refractive indices and speed ratios using Snell relationships; trigonometry and algebra.

Study this section · SL → Snell’s law, refractive index and constant frequency are taught with worked angle examples.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Add signed displacements of overlapping pulses or continuous waves; interpret the resulting shape using superposition.

Study this section · SL → Signed addition and crest/trough examples explain reinforcement and cancellation.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain a stable interference pattern in terms of equal frequency and stable phase difference; qualitative reasoning.

Study this section · SL → Coherence is defined using fixed frequency and phase relation.

Study this section · SL → The slit explanation shows how splitting a single source maintains coherence.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use whole-wavelength path differences to locate reinforcement; integer orders and simple geometry.

Study this section · SL → The constructive path-difference condition is given and explained.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use odd-half-wavelength path differences for destructive interference; distinguish complete cancellation from unequal-amplitude minima.

Study this section · SL → The destructive condition and equal-amplitude cancellation requirement are explained.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate fringe spacing and wavelength for a distant screen and narrow-angle pattern; unit conversion and multi-fringe measurements.

Study this section · SL → The lesson derives the spacing dependencies and explains measuring several fringes.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain formation from oppositely travelling waves with matching frequency and speed; superposition and qualitative energy transfer.

Study this section · SL → The lesson explains a stationary pattern from two counterpropagating waves.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify zero/maximum amplitude positions and phase within and between lobes; use node spacing relative to wavelength.

Study this section · SL → Nodes, antinodes, half-wavelength spacing and opposite-phase neighboring lobes are stated.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Sketch displacement patterns for the permitted fixed/free string and open/closed pipe combinations, and calculate harmonic frequencies; integer ratios and v=fλ, without end corrections.

Study this section · SL → Fixed-end strings and common open/open and closed/open pipes are taught with harmonic relationships.

Still needed: Add fixed/free and free/free string patterns and closed/closed pipes. Adopt first-harmonic terminology, separate displacement from pressure nodes, and label end-correction discussion as outside this IB demand.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain resonance through driving/natural frequencies, amplitude and energy transfer; interpret a response curve qualitatively.

Study this section · SL → The lesson connects periodic driving, energy transfer, natural frequency and large steady response.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Predict lower/broader amplitude peaks and the change in resonant frequency with damping; qualitative curves, without oscillator differential equations.

Study this section · SL → The damping discussion includes the lower, broader peak and a resonance frequency below the undamped value.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish light, critical and heavy damping from return-to-equilibrium behavior; qualitative graphs and applications.

Study this section · SL → The three regimes are compared by oscillation and return behavior; quantitative damping extensions are not needed here.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate sound shifts with either a moving source or a moving observer, using speeds relative to the medium. Algebra and approach/recession signs; simultaneous motion is outside the required numerical scope.

Study this section · HL → The moving-source formula and worked siren example are followed by a separate moving-observer example.

Still needed: Add canonical moving-observer practice. The bat echo challenge involves two shifts and should be labelled beyond this required single-motion calculation.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain frequency/wavelength shifts for sound and electromagnetic waves; distinguish source emission from observed frequency qualitatively.

Study this section · SL → Approach/recession and sound-versus-light explanations are explicit, including radar and medical contexts.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret wavefront diagrams for one moving source or one moving observer; SL explanation is qualitative and numerical sound formulae are additional HL.

Study this section · SL → The source explanation describes compressed and stretched wavefront spacing and distinguishes observer motion.

Still needed: Add separate wavefront diagrams and a worked qualitative moving-observer interpretation. The current lab focuses on frequency readouts and source motion; numerical source practice is not counted as SL diagram practice. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate small fractional frequency or wavelength shifts for line-of-sight speed much below c; sign conventions, ratios and scientific notation.

Study this section · SL → The shared explanation correctly gives opposite signs for fractional frequency/wavelength changes and the low-speed limit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Infer approach/recession and radial speed from observed versus reference spectral lines; ratios and qualitative spectroscopy.

Study this section · SL → A shifted 656.3 nm spectral line is used to calculate recession speed and interpret redshift.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain potential energy using assembly from an infinite-separation reference and distinguish external work from work by gravity; signs and energy reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The negative bound-energy explanation connects work to separating a mass to infinity.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate two-body gravitational potential energy and changes between radii with infinity as zero; algebra and signed inverse-radius values.

Study this section · HL → The potential discussion explicitly relates Ep to mφ and −GMm/r.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret potential as work per unit test mass and use its radial expression and zero at infinity; units and scalar signs.

Study this section · HL → Potential is defined as work per unit mass, with its units and reference.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Obtain radial field from the negative gradient of a potential graph and interpret its direction; graphical gradient and algebra, without requiring formal calculus.

Still needed: No IB-visible gravitational potential–radius graph or negative-gradient explanation was verified. Electric potential-gradient teaching alone is not a gravitational mapping. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate external work from mass times potential difference, distinguish the field’s opposite work, and use consistent energy references; signed algebra.

Study this section · HL → The potential and Ep=mφ statements provide the ingredients, but no explicit finite-radius work example.

Still needed: Add an explicit Wexternal=mΔV calculation and the opposite sign for gravitational work. Orbit-transfer work also changes kinetic energy and must not be confused with potential work alone.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret gravitational equipotential surfaces and maps with consistent potential values; qualitative geometry and comparison of radial levels.

Still needed: No IB-visible gravitational equipotential map was verified. A-Level-only completion and electric-field surfaces cannot be counted as this explanation. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate field direction to perpendicular equipotential surfaces and zero work along a surface; graphical and energy reasoning.

Still needed: A gravitational field/equipotential overlay and its work-based explanation are missing from the IB-visible route. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use conservation of energy to calculate the minimum escape speed with a zero-energy limit at infinity; square roots, ideal isolated-body assumptions.

Study this section · HL → The escape condition is obtained from kinetic energy overcoming the binding-energy magnitude.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Combine central gravity with centripetal acceleration to calculate circular orbital speed and associated energy changes; algebra and square roots.

Study this section · HL → The visible radial-force lesson supplies mv²/r and explains that real forces provide it.

Study this section · HL → The gravity lesson gives the source-force and energy relationships used for orbital reasoning.

Still needed: Add the explicit IB-visible bridge GMm/r²=mv²/r and a circular-orbit speed example. The newer A-Level bridge is hidden for IB.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain how weak atmospheric drag reduces orbital energy/radius while increasing the speed of the resulting lower near-circular orbit; qualitative energy and orbital reasoning.

Still needed: No verified IB-visible explanation or canonical question covers weak-drag orbital decay. The vacuum orbit-transfer item is not a substitute for this mechanism. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain elliptical orbits and equal-area behavior, and use the period–size relationship; ratios and powers, with circular numerical orbit tasks where specified.

Study this section · SL → The visible lesson explains equal orbital areas through angular momentum conservation.

Still needed: Add IB-visible explanations of elliptical orbit geometry and the third-law relationship. Existing Cambridge completion material is hidden when IB is selected. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate mutual gravitational attraction with centre separation, mass and inverse-square dependence; algebra and scientific notation.

Study this section · SL → The pair-force law and equal/opposite force explanation are explicit.

Still needed: No direct canonical pair-force calculation or force-direction item has been verified. Surface-field scaling is mapped to the field objective instead.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Judge when an extended body may be modelled as a point source, including spherical symmetry and external positions; qualitative model limitations.

Study this section · SL → The lesson instructs students to measure centre-to-centre distance and treat spherical bodies as central masses.

Still needed: Qualify the claim using spherical symmetry and external field points, and distinguish a small-object/far-field approximation from an arbitrary extended shape. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use force per test mass and the radial inverse-square result, retaining direction; algebra, graph reading and simple superposition along a line.

Study this section · SL → The worked explanation divides the gravitational force by test mass to obtain GM/r².

Study this section · SL → The plotted field strengths demonstrate inverse-square scaling.

Still needed: Add a worked one-dimensional resultant field for two gravitating sources; current multiple-source discussion is brief.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret field-line direction/density for radial sources and approximately uniform near-surface regions; qualitative spatial diagrams.

Still needed: The IB-visible gravity interactive plots force pairs and g against distance, rather than gravitational field-line maps. The newer A-Level field-map section is not rendered for IB. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain pair energy using assembly from infinite separation and distinguish external work from work by the field; signed charges and reference choice.

Study this section · HL → The lesson explains pair energy, zero at infinity and opposite signs of external versus field work.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate electrostatic potential energy of a charge pair and changes in separation; signed inverse-radius algebra.

Study this section · HL → The pair-energy expression includes the signs of both charges and its infinite-separation reference.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish scalar potential from vector field and choose zero at infinity for localized charges; signed scalar addition and interpretation.

Study this section · HL → The lesson explicitly treats potential as a scalar, keeps source-charge signs and states the reference at infinity.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret electric potential through work/energy per positive test charge and use the point-source expression; units and signed algebra.

Study this section · HL → Potential is defined as energy per charge, with units and an explicit test-charge distinction.

Study this section · HL → The point-source formula relates potential to source charge and distance.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Infer field direction and magnitude from a negative potential gradient; graphical slopes or finite changes, without requiring calculus fluency.

Study this section · HL → The potential-gradient explanation and finite-distance example connect slope, magnitude and field direction.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate work/energy change from signed charge and potential difference, distinguishing external and field work; joules, electron-volts and algebra.

Study this section · HL → The lesson relates potential change to energy per charge, defines electron-volt conversion and states work by the field.

Study this section · HL → The energy explanation distinguishes externally supplied work from field work.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret equipotentials for point-charge combinations, conducting solid/hollow spheres and plates; scalar superposition and graphical reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The equipotential lesson explains equal-potential surfaces and examples around simple sources.

Study this section · HL → The conductor explanation supplies shielding and surface-field conditions.

Still needed: Add explicit solid/hollow conducting-sphere potential profiles and maps for up to four point charges. Existing simple-source teaching does not demonstrate that full set. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain field lines perpendicular to equipotentials and zero field-work along an equipotential; geometrical and energy reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The lesson links perpendicular field/equipotential directions with no work along a contour.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Predict attraction and repulsion from charge signs; qualitative force pairs and directions.

Study this section · SL → The Coulomb explanation distinguishes like-charge repulsion and opposite-charge attraction.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate the force between point charges using the appropriate permittivity; algebra, inverse squares, charge signs and medium assumptions.

Study this section · SL → The force law and vacuum constant are explained with numerical examples.

Still needed: Extend the vacuum/air treatment to a range of permittivities and make the medium explicit in worked calculations.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Track total charge in an isolated system and distinguish transfer from creation; signed sums and quantization where relevant.

Study this section · SL → The charge ledger explanation keeps total charge unchanged through redistribution.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain how oil-drop measurements support discrete elementary charge, including force balance and interpreting multiples; algebra and experimental inference.

Study this section · SL → The worked droplet example discusses whether a measured charge can be an integer multiple of the elementary charge.

Still needed: Add the oil-drop arrangement, electric/gravitational force balance and a set of measured charges from which discreteness can be inferred. A single divisibility check is limited evidence. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain friction, contact, induction and grounding using electron transfer and charge conservation; ordered qualitative reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The lesson compares the mechanisms and explicitly sequences grounding and removal of the inducer.

Still needed: Add canonical friction/induction/grounding explanation items.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use vector force per positive test charge and infer force on either charge sign; algebra, units and vector directions.

Study this section · SL → The small-positive-test-charge definition, force relation and units are explicit.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret field direction for point sources, charge pairs, conducting spheres and plates, including edge effects; qualitative maps and symmetry.

Study this section · SL → The field-line rules explain tangent direction, source/termination signs and non-crossing.

Study this section · SL → Conducting material and empty cavities are distinguished from the exterior field.

Study this section · SL → The plate discussion identifies the approximately uniform central region and edge fringing.

Still needed: The mapped explanations should be accompanied by a consolidated labelled sphere/pair/plate drawing task; no canonical diagram item was verified. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Read stronger/weaker fields from field-line spacing without treating lines as physical trajectories; qualitative spatial reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The lesson explicitly relates denser drawn lines to stronger fields and separates line conventions from charge paths.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use voltage divided by separation for an approximately uniform plate field and identify its direction/edge limitation; algebra and unit conversion.

Study this section · SL → The lesson gives E=V/d, the central-field assumption and field direction.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Describe/sketch bar-magnet, straight-wire, circular-coil and air-core-solenoid fields and use current-direction rules; qualitative spatial reasoning, without requiring field-strength formula derivations.

Study this section · SL → The magnetic field explanation treats bar-magnet loops and compass direction.

Study this section · SL → Wire circles, coil/solenoid patterns and the right-hand grip rule are explained.

Still needed: No canonical question was verified for the required field sketches. The wire-field inverse-distance calculation elsewhere in the bank is not evidence of this sketching demand. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Predict and calculate motion in a uniform electric field, combining force, acceleration and perpendicular motion components; algebra and constant-acceleration kinematics.

Study this section · SL → The plates lesson combines E, charge force and the particle trajectory in a uniform field.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use magnetic deflection for circular motion and charge-to-mass reasoning; recognize unchanged kinetic energy. Algebra and centripetal acceleration.

Study this section · SL → The lesson derives circular radius, explains no magnetic work and includes a mass-spectrometer worked calculation.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Balance uniform electric and magnetic forces to identify undeflected charged-particle motion; vector directions and algebra.

Study this section · SL → The velocity-selector explanation states opposing electric/magnetic forces and v=E/B.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate force magnitude from charge, speed, field strength and angle, and determine direction including negative charges; trigonometry and spatial reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The qvB sine relationship and positive-charge direction rule with electron reversal are explicit.

Still needed: Add canonical non-right-angle and negative-charge force-direction items.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate force on a straight current segment and determine its direction; sine factors, conventional-current direction and spatial reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The wire-force relation and left-hand rule are explicitly taught.

Still needed: Add a canonical force-direction task alongside the magnitude calculation.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain attraction/repulsion and calculate force per unit length for long parallel currents; inverse separation, current directions and algebra.

Study this section · SL → The parallel-wire paragraph gives force per length and same/opposite current directions.

Still needed: The target paragraph is embedded among Ampère-law and Hall-effect extensions. Mark those neighboring sections as optional for this objective; no canonical parallel-wire question was verified. No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate uniform-field flux through a planar area, with the angle measured to the area normal; trigonometry and SI area conversion.

Study this section · HL → The flux model distinguishes area-normal angle and flux through each turn.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use flux-linkage change per time and flux–time slopes for changing fields or moving coils; algebra/graph gradients and qualitative self-induction, without RL-circuit calculations.

Study this section · HL → The explanation covers field changes, translation/rotation and rate-of-change reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The opening explanation describes an induced opposition to changing current; only this qualitative idea is needed.

Still needed: Keep inductance values, LR time constants and calculus derivations outside the required scope of the qualitative self-induction link.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use the perpendicular rod/field/speed geometry to calculate motional emf; algebra and force/charge interpretation.

Study this section · HL → The moving-rod formula is explained and worked for rails and an aircraft wingspan.

Still needed: No matching canonical-bank practice has been verified for this objective.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Determine induced current/emf direction from opposition to flux change and connect it to energy conservation; signed diagrams and qualitative work reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The lesson explains opposing change and the mechanical work required to maintain induction.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Relate coil orientation and flux to sinusoidal emf and their quarter-cycle offset; angular frequency and trigonometric substitution, without a calculus prerequisite.

Study this section · HL → The rotating-coil explanation gives sinusoidal emf and the orientations for zero/maximum output.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Predict and calculate how coil rotation frequency changes emf amplitude and waveform frequency; proportional reasoning and angular frequency.

Study this section · HL → The generator model makes peak emf proportional to angular speed and links waveform frequency to rotation.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use cube-root mass-number scaling and spherical volume; infer approximate density independence algebraically.

Study this section · HL → The nuclear-probing explanation covers Coulomb approach, radius scaling, electron diffraction and nuclear spectra.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain high-energy departures from a point-charge scattering model; no nuclear-force calculation.

Study this section · HL → The lesson explains the limited Coulomb model and changes when the probe approaches the nuclear surface.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Equate initial kinetic and electrostatic potential energies; assume a head-on Coulomb-only approach, without integration.

Study this section · HL → The worked silicon example calculates closest approach using energy conservation.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use inverse-square principal-quantum-number energy levels and signed energy differences; algebra, not wave-equation solutions.

Study this section · HL → The Bohr lesson links angular-momentum quantization to allowed radii and energies.

Study this section · HL → The rendered energy-level explanation connects line spectra, discrete gaps and photon transitions.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Connect the allowed angular momentum with stationary Bohr orbits and energies; treat this as a limited hydrogen model.

Study this section · HL → The Bohr lesson links angular-momentum quantization to allowed radii and energies.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Qualitative evidence-to-model reasoning; no Rutherford cross-section calculation at SL.

Study this section · SL → The actual custom Standard Model page explains thin-foil observations and the concentrated positive nucleus; its quark and force-carrier material is not required by this match.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Read nuclear symbols and find proton, neutron and nucleon counts; chemical-symbol memorization is unnecessary.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret line versus continuous spectra as evidence for quantization; use qualitative models and energy diagrams.

Study this section · SL → The rendered energy-level explanation connects line spectra, discrete gaps and photon transitions.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Identify emission and absorption directions on an energy diagram; do not require Bohr angular-momentum rules.

Study this section · SL → The rendered energy-level explanation connects line spectra, discrete gaps and photon transitions.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Subtract energy levels and use photon energy/frequency with consistent joule or eV conversion; ordinary algebra.

Study this section · SL → The rendered energy-level explanation connects line spectra, discrete gaps and photon transitions.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use matching spectral lines to infer composition; line patterns rather than detailed multi-electron calculations.

Study this section · SL → The gas-spectrum explanation explicitly connects spectral fingerprints with identifying helium in the Sun.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Compare observed emission with classical-wave predictions; include threshold, intensity and absence of measurable delay.

Study this section · HL → The photon model separates frequency, intensity, work function and maximum electron energy.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use threshold frequency and work-function energy; link frequency and wavelength using algebra.

Study this section · HL → The photon model separates frequency, intensity, work function and maximum electron energy.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate maximum kinetic energy from photon energy minus work function, with eV/J conversion; stopping voltage is supporting context.

Study this section · HL → The photon model separates frequency, intensity, work function and maximum electron energy.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Describe a scattering setup and infer a first minimum from wavelength and geometry; nonrelativistic electron examples only.

Study this section · HL → The matter-wave lesson gives de Broglie calculations and the electron-scattering experiment.

Still needed: The setup and diffraction maxima are explained, but first-minimum location is not taught in a sufficiently qualified experimental model. The separate nuclear lesson treats the nucleus as a slit with sinθ=λ/D without specifying the geometry-dependent approximation, so it is not counted as complete support.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain how one particle model accounts for localized detection and wave-like interference; avoid demanding wave-function calculus.

Study this section · HL → The matter-wave lesson gives de Broglie calculations and the electron-scattering experiment.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Use momentum to calculate wavelength; for slow electrons combine kinetic energy with accelerating voltage and check the approximation.

Study this section · HL → The matter-wave lesson gives de Broglie calculations and the electron-scattering experiment.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain the scattered-photon result using photon momentum and energy exchange, without deriving the Compton equation.

Study this section · HL → The rendered Compton explanation and formula connect electron recoil, angle and increased wavelength; it is inside the shared photoelectric lesson.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate the longer scattered wavelength to energy transferred to an electron; qualitative conservation reasoning.

Study this section · HL → The rendered Compton explanation and formula connect electron recoil, angle and increased wavelength; it is inside the shared photoelectric lesson.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Apply the Compton-shift expression at a supplied scattering angle, using trigonometry and consistent lengths; derivation is not required.

Study this section · HL → The rendered Compton explanation and formula connect electron recoil, angle and increased wavelength; it is inside the shared photoelectric lesson.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the existence of bound nuclei despite Coulomb repulsion as evidence; qualitative forces and stability.

Study this section · HL → The worked comparison calculates electrostatic repulsion and identifies the attraction needed for stability.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Interpret the changing stable neutron/proton ratio and predict a likely beta direction from neutron excess or deficit.

Study this section · HL → The lesson distinguishes neutron-rich, proton-rich and very heavy nuclei and their likely decay changes.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain the approximate plateau beyond mass number about 60 in terms of short-range binding, while recognizing the gentle heavy-nucleus decline.

Study this section · HL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Still needed: The curve and short-range explanation are present, but the approximate constancy above A≈60 is not stated as a distinct inference. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use alpha and gamma energy lines as evidence for nuclear levels; distinguish those levels from atomic electron levels.

Study this section · HL → The nuclear-probing explanation explicitly connects discrete emitted energies with nuclear energy levels.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain how a continuous beta-energy distribution motivates an additional emitted particle through conservation arguments.

Study this section · HL → The nuclear-spectrum explanation identifies the neutrino as the missing energy carrier.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use the exponential survival law for arbitrary time and determine the decay constant from a transformed graph; logarithms, not differential-equation derivation.

Study this section · HL → Only the algebraic exponential/activity relationships are mapped here; differential-equation derivation is enrichment.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Distinguish a rate constant from finite-interval probability and explain the small-product approximation; no series derivation is required.

Study this section · HL → Only the algebraic exponential/activity relationships are mapped here; differential-equation derivation is enrichment.

Still needed: The lesson calls λ a probability per second but does not teach finite-interval probability 1−exp(−λt) or the small-λt qualification. This distinction remains a teaching gap. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate activity from surviving population and decay constant, or use the activity exponential; ensure time and activity units agree.

Study this section · HL → Only the algebraic exponential/activity relationships are mapped here; differential-equation derivation is enrichment.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Rearrange the logarithmic half-life relation and use consistent time units; interpret a fitted graph if supplied.

Study this section · HL → Only the algebraic exponential/activity relationships are mapped here; differential-equation derivation is enrichment.

Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Compare nuclei with equal proton count and different neutron count; integer bookkeeping.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish binding energy from binding energy per nucleon and convert mass deficit using kg, u or MeV/c².

Study this section · SL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Interpret the rise, peak and heavy-nucleus region and predict energy-favourable changes; graph reading and ratios.

Study this section · SL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate a reaction energy from total rest masses with coherent units; do not substitute the total fuel mass for the mass difference.

Study this section · SL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain why nearby nucleons can bind despite proton repulsion; qualitative range, no weak-force or exchange-particle requirement.

Study this section · SL → The binding explanation identifies attraction between neighbouring nucleons and contrasts its range with Coulomb repulsion.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish unpredictable individual events from stable statistical behaviour and lack of ordinary external triggers.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Track how each radiation changes A, Z and nuclear energy; include both beta signs without quark or weak-force detail.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Balance alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus and gamma equations and include the appropriate neutral beta partner.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Still needed: Alpha and beta-minus have explicit worked equations; the inspected lesson describes beta-plus and gamma but lacks equally explicit full nuclear-equation examples for both. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Identify neutrino and antineutrino emission in the two beta modes; weak-interaction mechanisms and quark bookkeeping are outside the requirement.

Study this section · SL → The rendered decay explanation includes nuclide notation, isotopes, emitted particles and changes to A and Z.

Study this section · SL → The custom page names the emitted neutrino partners correctly in both beta modes. Quark equations are optional supporting context, not an IB requirement.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Compare alpha, beta and gamma interactions and choose an appropriate source for a stated use; qualitative shielding and half-life reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The comparison gives particle identity, ionization strength and shielding behaviour.

Still needed: The inspected comparison does not provide a complete sequence of isotope-selection cases for pipe leaks, thickness monitoring, medicine and dating. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Distinguish source decays per second from registered counts per second and read half-life from a corrected decay curve; no decay constant needed.

Study this section · SL → The explanation and halving examples support integer half-life reasoning; the full page also contains more advanced context.

Still needed: The lesson links activity and counts but does not clearly separate detector efficiency and geometry from the source activity. A GM counter does not directly record every decay. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Calculate remaining number, activity or corrected count rate after whole half-lives; use repeated halving rather than the HL exponential law.

Study this section · SL → The explanation and halving examples support integer half-life reasoning; the full page also contains more advanced context.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Separate background counts from source counts before comparing rates or reading half-life; use counts over consistent time intervals.

Study this section · SL → The explanation explicitly instructs background subtraction, repeated counting and averaging.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Calculate rest-mass or binding-energy changes for a fission event; distinguish spontaneous and neutron-triggered cases without reactor-kinetics calculus.

Study this section · SL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Study this section · SL → The chain-reaction lesson explains neutron-induced fission and its energy release.

Still needed: Neutron-induced fission is explained, but a separate explanation of spontaneous fission is missing from the inspected lessons.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain how emitted neutrons sustain a chain and why absorption/leakage changes it; simple generation reasoning only.

Study this section · SL → The chain lesson connects secondary neutrons, criticality and leakage; exponential kinetics are enrichment.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain energy flow and the distinct purposes of rods, moderator, exchanger and shielding; omit detailed reactor kinetics and engineering calculations.

Study this section · SL → The reactor explanation distinguishes moderator, absorber rods, coolant and radioactive waste; detailed kinetics are enrichment.

Study this section · SL → The protection explanation shows why lead or concrete shielding reduces radiation exposure.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Relate radioactive products, heat and persistence to storage and containment decisions; qualitative long-term impacts and half-life reasoning.

Study this section · SL → The waste paragraph distinguishes short-lived fission products, longer-lived actinides, cooling ponds, casks and geological disposal.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Explain hydrostatic balance qualitatively, allowing thermal or radiation pressure to dominate in different stars; no hydrostatic differential equation.

Study this section · SL → The stellar-life explanation connects gravity, pressure, fusion and mass-dependent outcomes.

Still needed: Both gas and radiation pressure are named, but the lesson does not clearly distinguish their relative importance with stellar mass, the reason for the November 2024 guide correction. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use nuclear energy changes and the fusion power source to reason about stellar output; energy-release arithmetic is required.

Study this section · SL → The stellar-life explanation connects gravity, pressure, fusion and mass-dependent outcomes.

Study this section · SL → The explanation gives mass defect, mass-energy conversion and the binding-energy curve.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Explain why density and temperature affect fusion opportunities; qualitative Coulomb barrier and collision reasoning, without tunnelling calculations.

Study this section · SL → The stellar-life explanation connects gravity, pressure, fusion and mass-dependent outcomes.

Study this section · SL → The fusion explanation connects temperature to Coulomb repulsion; detailed tunnelling and reaction chains are supplementary.

Still needed: Temperature and confinement are explained, but density as the collision-frequency condition is not developed clearly enough as a separate mechanism.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →

Required depth: Describe how initial stellar mass changes evolution and remnants; qualitative paths rather than detailed stellar-structure calculations.

Study this section · SL → The stellar-life explanation connects gravity, pressure, fusion and mass-dependent outcomes.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Sketch and interpret luminosity–temperature diagrams, including radius lines and the instability strip; respect the reversed temperature axis.

Study this section · SL → The H–R explanation describes the axes, main regions and radius relationship.

Still needed: The main sequence, giants, supergiants, white dwarfs and radius lines are explained, but the instability strip is absent from the inspected lesson. No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Use arcseconds and parsecs, convert AU/ly/pc and interpret the half-baseline angle; Cepheid analysis is not required.

Study this section · SL → The distance lesson defines AU, light-year, parsec and the half-baseline parallax angle; standard-candle material is beyond this match.

Still needed: No canonical IB bank question has been independently matched to this record.

No practice question has yet been verified for this objective.

Required depth: Combine luminosity with surface temperature to infer radius using algebra and powers; a spectral peak may provide temperature.

Study this section · SL → The H–R explanation describes the axes, main regions and radius relationship.

Practise this objective · SL → Practise this objective · HL →