Classifying particles: Casimir labels and the working taxonomy

Where does a full three-flavour numerical evolution depart from the two-flavour formula, and by how much across the L/E range of a reactor and a long-baseline beam? Useful evidence includes a unitary PMNS matrix from three angles and a CP phase, survival probabilities from complex matrix exponentials, the two-flavour overlay, the L/E bands differing by over one percent, and the plane-wave assumption named.

This GioPhysics course map is an adaptable learning sequence, not academic credit, accreditation, or a universal university syllabus. It is written for a four-credit course of roughly three lecture hours plus two to three laboratory or computational hours a week across fifteen weeks, and it is deliberately more mathematical than University Physics I–IV: linear algebra and differential equations are working tools here, not background. Twenty units are mapped against a suggested fifteen-week delivery, so several units share a teaching week. Departments differ widely in how much formalism they expect at this stage; follow your institution's published scope, notation, laboratory programme, and assessment rules. A result should be checked against units, signs, limiting cases, and the conditions under which its model was derived.