Subject 21 · Thermal Physics

Thermal Physics

Start by telling temperature, heat, and internal energy apart, follow the joules through heating curves and phase changes, then shrink to the molecular picture: kinetic theory, the gas laws, and the spread of molecular speeds. Every subsection includes a responsive interactive model.

HEATQENERGY

T(K) = T(°C) + 273Temperature & Internal Energy

Tell temperature, heat, and internal energy apart — and find absolute zero.

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Q = mcΔTSpecific Heat & Latent Heat

Slopes cost Q = mcΔT, plateaus cost Q = mL — heating curves and calorimetry.

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Ē(K) = (3/2)k(B)TThe Kinetic Theory of Gases

Pressure from molecular collisions, and temperature as average kinetic energy.

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pV = nRTThe Gas Laws

Boyle, Charles, and the pressure law as slices of one equation of state.

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v(rms) = √(3kT/m)Molecular Speeds

The Maxwell–Boltzmann crowd: rms speeds, escaping atmospheres, and diffusion.

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dT/dt = −k(T − T(env))Thermal Calculus

Heating as dQ/dt, Newton’s cooling law and its exponential, and Q = ∫mc dT.

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Free game · Q = mcΔT and Q = mLPhase Chase

Play free, no account needed: one heater, one energy budget, one clock. Drive a substance to its target temperature and phase — the slopes spend energy fast, the plateaus stall the thermometer, and knowing where the joules go is how you win. Five levels.

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Members · classroom mode, full screenPresent this chapter

Pick any Thermal Physics lesson and project it. Each deck is built from that lesson’s own words — the big idea, the definition, one formula at a time, the misconception, the quick check, and the worked examples — revealed a step at a time with the arrow keys.

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